Editorial
Research Paper
Ali Akbar Azizi Zohan; Abdolmajid liaghat; Mehdi Shahabifar
Abstract
In order to complete and differentiate various water productivity indexes according to the actual situation, it is necessary to provid a measure to evaluate the suitability of the productivity index and extend the results to other areas. Therefore, in this study, through a process view of the agricultural ...
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In order to complete and differentiate various water productivity indexes according to the actual situation, it is necessary to provid a measure to evaluate the suitability of the productivity index and extend the results to other areas. Therefore, in this study, through a process view of the agricultural production system and considering climate, land, and plant capabilities and constraints in the complex cycle of water-soil-plant-atmosphere and human, different water productivity (WP) researches were grouped and analyzed. Indices of Potential Climatic Water Productivity (PCWP), Potential Land Water Productivity (PLWP), Actual Water Productivity (AWP), Water Productivity Gap (WPG), Water Productivity Management Index (WPMI), and Water Productivity Management Level (WPML) were all defined and their methods of determination were presented. The indices were determined and analyzed for three forage maize farms in Moghan Plain. The results showed that changes in agronomic calendar and field soil conditions variation affected the PCWP and PLWP indices, such that the PCWP varied from 31 to 46 kg.m-3 in farms 1 and 3 and PLWP varied from 26 to 42 kg.m-3 in farms 2 and 3. The AWP was always less than the PLWP and was affected by farm management on yield, and the proportional of allocation and consumption of water to actual yield. The AWP was 27, 24 and 39 kg.m-3 for farms 1, 2 and 3, respectively, in the best condition. Where water allocation was location-specific and according to crop calendar and actual production, the WPG was drastically reduced and it was equal to 0.2, 2.2 and 3.5 kg.m-3 for farms 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Practically, using simply the AWP index cannot properly judge, analyze, and compare the status of water productivity management in different field conditions. However, The WPMI and WPML dimensionless indices presented in this article are suitable for this purpose.[1] [1] - Part of this research was funded by Project No. 2-10-10-096-961738, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI).
Research Paper
Zahra Jamaati; Ali Momenpour; maryam dehestani; Mostafa Shirmardi
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of salinity stress on some of the growth characteristics of selected pomegranate (Punica granatum) genotypes of regions with soil and water salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments included two factors: genotypes ...
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To evaluate the effect of salinity stress on some of the growth characteristics of selected pomegranate (Punica granatum) genotypes of regions with soil and water salinity, a factorial experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD). Treatments included two factors: genotypes including 3 cultivars (‘Post Siyah Ardakan’,‘Rabab Neyriz’ and ‘Chah Afzal’) and irrigation water salinity at 5 levels (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS/m), with 4 replications. The study was conducted at the National Salinity Research Center of Iran in 2018-2019. The results showed that type of genotype and levels of salinity affected morphological and physiological characteristics and concentration of nutrient elements in leaves. In all of the studied genotypes, with increase in salinity concentration, all of studied characteristics including branch height, branch diameter, number of leaves, green leaves percentage, aerial organs fresh and dry weight, relative water content percentage, SPAD, and contents of a, b and total chlorophylls decreased. However, necrotic leaves percentage, dropped leaves percentage, root fresh weight to aerial organs fresh weight ratio, relative ions leakage percentage, Na+ and Cl- percentage and Na+ to K+ ratio increased at higher salinity levels. At salinity level of 7 dS/m, ‘Chah-Afzal’ and ‘Rabab Neyriz’ showed an increase in necrotic leaves (3% and 5.60%, respectively ), dropped leaves (1.05% and 4.83%), relative ions leakage (3.95 % and 8.60%), Na+ (0.31% and 0.67%), Cl- (0.13% and 0.43%), K+ (0.64% and 0.27%) and Na+ to K+ ratio (0.12 and 0.64), compared to 1 dS/m (control) treatment. Also, in ‘Chah-Afzal’ and ‘Rabab Neyriz’, there was a decrease in green leaves (4.06% and 10.43%, respectively), number of total leaves (2.62% and 12.14%), relative water content (5.68% and 9.77%), and total chlorophylls (5.13% and 14.56%), compared to the control. Overall, ‘Chah-Afzal’ and ‘Rabab Neyriz’ were recognized as, respectively, the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes to salinity stress. ‘Chah-Afzal’ genotype tolerated salinity of 7 dS/m by maintaining its growth characteristics and increasing potassium uptake against sodium.
Research Paper
Mahsa Hasanpour Nodehi; Maryam Navabian; Mehdi Esmaeili Varaki
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate WASP7.3 model in simulation of drainage water quality of paddy fields in Nodeh and Nopashan villages of Someh Sara township located in F4 unit of Sefidrood irrigation and drainage network. To evaluate the model, drainage discharge and drain water quality at nine ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate WASP7.3 model in simulation of drainage water quality of paddy fields in Nodeh and Nopashan villages of Someh Sara township located in F4 unit of Sefidrood irrigation and drainage network. To evaluate the model, drainage discharge and drain water quality at nine sections of drainage and nine drainage inlets and outlets were measured and introduced to the model. Model sensitivity analysis showed that in simulation of salinity and nitrate, drainage discharge was effective, while in simulation of orthophosphate and ammonium, in addition to drainage discharge and diffusion coefficient, phosphate dissociation coefficients in water column (orthophosphate), nitrification rate, and temperature coefficient of nitrification (ammonium) were more sensitive. Results showed that discharge, nitrate, orthophosphate, ammonium, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were simulated with normalized root-mean-square error of, respectively, 0.166, 0.176, 0.143, 0.283, 0.148, 0.179 and 0.156. According to the results, the accuracy of the model simulation in the study area was classified as acceptable for all parameters, except for ammonium, and is recommended for simulating drain water quality. Due to the limitation of the model to obtain the number of discharge functions of the input and output sources to the drainage channel, application of the model in the main paddy field drainage canals that have fewer inputs than field drainage, can improve the simulation results.
Research Paper
morteza khoshsima; Hamideh Noori
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on some chemical parameters and distribution of salt in soil profiles under drip irrigation system (T-tape), a factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out in the research farm of the department of irrigation ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on some chemical parameters and distribution of salt in soil profiles under drip irrigation system (T-tape), a factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out in the research farm of the department of irrigation and reclamation engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, during June to October 2017. The treatments consisted of three maize hybrids SC 260, SC 400, and SC 704 (V1, V2 and V3) and three levels of irrigation water salinity of 0.7, 3, and 5 dS/m (S1, S2 and S3). To study the salinity profile in the soil during the plant growth period, ECe, pH, Na+, K+ and (Ca2++Mg2+) cations were determined in 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers and at a distance of 10 and 20 cm from irrigation lines. The result of variance and comparison of the mean measured properties at 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers, (ECe and Na+) showed that there was a significant difference between soil salinity (ECe) and sodium (Na+) under different levels of water salinity and depth of soil. The soil salinity and sodium content were directly correlated with irrigation water salinity and growth period of maize hybrids, and had an inverse relationship with soil depth. Indeed, the highest amount of soil salinity (13.4 dS/m) and soil sodium (95.6 meq/L) in the 0-20 cm layer was in V3S3 and the lowest (2.4 dS/m and 5 meq/L) was observed in the 20-40 cm layer of V2S1. Also, regardless of salinity treatments, there was no significant difference between the three hybrids and the salt absorption potential was the same for all tree hybrids. In saline irrigation treatments (i.e. 3 and 5 dS/m), the wetting front moved less away from the irrigation line, and most salt accumulation was observed at a distance of 10 cm from irrigation line and soil surface due to plant consumption and evapotranspiration. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of using saline water for irrigation of crops using a drip irrigation system, at the end of the growing season or in the next winter, leaching is needed to remove salts in the soil surface layer from the root zone of the next crop.
Research Paper
ali ataee; Mehdi Akbari; Mohammadreza Neyshabouri; zahra ghaffari; Davood Zarehaghi
Abstract
To investigate the effects of substituting surface drip irrigation (DI) by subsurface drip-irrigation systems (SDI) on plant responses, a10 ha pistachio orchard with DI system located in Shahriar, Tehran province, was selected. Irrigation treatments including DI and SDI with saline water and DI with ...
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To investigate the effects of substituting surface drip irrigation (DI) by subsurface drip-irrigation systems (SDI) on plant responses, a10 ha pistachio orchard with DI system located in Shahriar, Tehran province, was selected. Irrigation treatments including DI and SDI with saline water and DI with non-saline water (A) were established and plant responses were measured. The salinity distribution results showed that, in DI, at depth of 30-50 cm and distance of 70-100 cm, salts were accumulated. In SDI, salt accumulation was observed in surface layer and in distance of 60-80 cm from the tree. Based on all plant response indicators, treatment A showed significantly more favorable conditions. Unlike treatment A, there was no significant difference in the “canopy temperature” and “canopy–air temperature difference” between DI and SDI. By normalization of environmental-effects on foliage temperature, crop water stress index (CWSI) showed significant differences between DI and SDI treatments. Also, stomata conductance in SDI was significantly greater than DI. Additionally, treatment A had significantly the highest sap flow (SF). Based on SF measurement in 24 hour, there were no significant differences between DI and SDI irrigation systems, but the mean of this index for daylight time and midday, showed significant differences. With equal depth of irrigation water applied to DI and SDI and more favorable salinity distribution in root zone of SDI, this treatment leads to less water and salinity stress. Although the use of subsurface drip irrigation system requires long-term studies, but in view of the observed plant responses and in terms of soil salinity distribution, it is recommended to use SDI in pistachio trees.
Research Paper
Farshad Khashaei; Javad Behmanesh; Vahid Rezaverdinejad; Nasrin Azad
Abstract
Use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) in row plants is increasing due to higher water and fertilizer efficiency. In order to investigate the effect of SDI levels and nitrogen fertilizer splitting on yield, yield components and water productivity of corn, a field study was conducted in 2018 as split ...
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Use of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) in row plants is increasing due to higher water and fertilizer efficiency. In order to investigate the effect of SDI levels and nitrogen fertilizer splitting on yield, yield components and water productivity of corn, a field study was conducted in 2018 as split plot experiment based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Urmia University. The main plots of this experiment including three irrigation levels: 100%, 75% and 50% of net irrigation requirement and subplots included three nitrogen fertilizer split applications as: weekly, every other week and three times during growing season as urea fertilizer. Based on the results, the effect of irrigation levels treatment and number of fertilizer splitting on yield, yield components and water productivity were significant at 1% level. However, the effect of fertilizer splitting on water productivity was not significant. Interaction effects of the two variable treatments on plant height and leaf area index were significant at 1% level but did not significantly affect grain yield, biomass and water productivity. The highest grain yield and corn biomass were obtained with 22.39 and 39.85 ton/ha for complete irrigation, respectively. Also, the grain yield and biomass in the three- split treatments were highest with 18.47 and 32.56 ton/ha, respectively. The highest water productivity was obtained by irrigation application of 75% of net water requirement. It seems that in regions with water scarcity, applying deficit irrigation equal to 75% of the corn irrigation requirement, can be a good solution for saving water and achieving high water productivity. Also, fertilizer injection with higher amounts and less frequency especially at the sensitive growth stages, can be a more effective solution than using lower amounts with more frequent fertilizer application.
Research Paper
Aydin Khodaei; Ali moshatati; seyed hashem mousavi; Babak Pakdaman; Mahbubeh Abdollahi
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effect of zeolite and Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on wheat growth and yield under irrigation cut off condition, a field experiment was conducted in a split-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of zeolite and Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation on wheat growth and yield under irrigation cut off condition, a field experiment was conducted in a split-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, during 2016-2017 growing season. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation cutoff (without irrigation cut off, irrigation cutoff from milky-dough stage and irrigation cutoff from flowering stage) as the main plot and four rates of zeolite (0, 4, 8 and 12 ton.ha-1) and two levels of Piriformospora indica fungi inoculation (inoculation and non-inoculation) as sub plots. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained under full irrigation condition and application of 12 tons of zeolite per hectare (3849 kg. ha-1), and the lowest was obtained from irrigation cut off at flowering stage and no application of zeolite (1947 kg.ha-1). No significant difference was observed between different levels of zeolite under full irrigation conditions, while in the mild and severe drought conditions application of 8 and 12 tons of zeolite per hectare was advantageous. In irrigation cutoff at milky-dough stage condition, by fungi inoculation, seed yield increased from 3129 to 3647 kg.ha-1. Application of the fungus was effective in irrigation cutoff at flowering stage, such that the grain yield was raised from 2161 to 2917 kg.ha-1. The results of this study indicate that the use of zeolite in combination with soil and inoculation with Piriformospora indica fungi can somewhat compensate wheat grain yield damage in water deficit stress conditions.
Research Paper
Zynab sojoodi; Farhad Mirzaei
Abstract
Landscape is of great importance due to environmental values such as oxygen production, freshening air, carbon sequestration, protecting soil against erosion, and biodiversity conservation. Large volumes of urban water resources are used to irrigate water for landscape plant species, but due to lack ...
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Landscape is of great importance due to environmental values such as oxygen production, freshening air, carbon sequestration, protecting soil against erosion, and biodiversity conservation. Large volumes of urban water resources are used to irrigate water for landscape plant species, but due to lack of information about water needs of these plants, water is wasted. In this research, crop coefficient and water requirement of a shrub (Barberry), tree (Cypress), and a herbaceous species (Common couch) was estimated using water balance method and WUCOLS information. The research lasted for six months from 21 March 2018 to 22 September, 2018. To calculate evapotranspiration of landscape, six drainage type “micro-Lysimeters” were used in two different micro-climates and the calculations were done for ten-day intervals. Evapotranspiration was estimated for the whole period of the experiment as 682 mm for water balance method and 626 mm by WUCOLS method. Different evapo-transpiration values were found for both water balance method and the WUCOLS method in different micro-climates. Thus, WUCOLS method could be recommended as a precise, complete and yet practical method in order to estimate the water requirement of landscape plants and, for modeling of water requirement and crop coefficients to reduce water consumption efficiently.
Research Paper
Mohammad Mehdi Gharahdaghi; Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei; Eisa Maroufpoor; Farzad Hossinpanahi
Abstract
Proper design of the factors effective in hydraulic performance of drip-tape irrigation systems appropriate to the field and crop conditions is the key for their success. For this purpose, two important and sensitive parameters are lateral spacing and emitter spacing. Lack of correct selection of these ...
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Proper design of the factors effective in hydraulic performance of drip-tape irrigation systems appropriate to the field and crop conditions is the key for their success. For this purpose, two important and sensitive parameters are lateral spacing and emitter spacing. Lack of correct selection of these two parameters affects the drip-tape irrigation system performance and it has a significant impact on the cost of implementing such irrigation systems. To investigate the effect of the lateral and emitter spacing on winter wheat yield, its components, and water use efficiency, a factorial arrangement experiment with two factors based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the Soil and Water Research Institute Station, Karaj, Iran. The investigated factors included lateral spacing (at 30, 45, and 60 cm) and emitter spacing (at 10, 20, and 30 cm). Results showed that in most of the studied indices, the 20 cm emitter spacing in different lateral spacing was the superior treatment. The results showed that, although the 30 cm lateral spacing led to the highest yield, but based on the results of economic analysis, the highest economic performance for a wheat field could be achieved at 45 cm lateral spacing, which could be adopted by farmers.
Research Paper
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
Mixing saline and non-saline water is one of the management methods for using saline water resources. This research was carried out to study the effects of conjunctive use of saline and non-saline water on vegetative growth of Barhee date offshoot. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete ...
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Mixing saline and non-saline water is one of the management methods for using saline water resources. This research was carried out to study the effects of conjunctive use of saline and non-saline water on vegetative growth of Barhee date offshoot. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments included: T1= irrigation with the Karun River water (2.3 dS/m), T2= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 5 dS/m (volume ratio 2:1), T3= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 8 dS/m (volume ratio 2:1), T4= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 5 dS/m (volume ratio 1:2), T5= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 8 dS/m (volume ratio 1:2), and T6= irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m. The offshoots water requirement was calculated based on FAO pan evaporation method. The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effect (p < 1%) on plant vegetative traits. There was no significant difference (p < 1%) between T1 and T2 in leaf length, number of leaflets, and shoot wet and dry weights of date offshoot. The number of leaves and leaflets of the plant decreased by 64.9% and 58.2%, respectively, in treatment of irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m compared to T1. While reduction amounts of these vegetative traits in T2 were zero and 8.2%, respectively. Also, shoot wet and dry weights of date offshoot in T6 was decreased by 64.7% and 67.5%, respectively; but, in T2, these vegetative traits decreased only by 7.7% and 8.6%, respectively.
Research Paper
Somayeh Shirzadi; Mostafa Mardani; Ali Shahnazari
Abstract
Water supply and demand Management plays an important role in the agricultural sector. In recent years, due to inadequate management of agricultural water distribution, agricultural lands in Tajan Irrigation and Drainage Networks are suffering from excessive use of groundwater and salinity. Therefore, ...
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Water supply and demand Management plays an important role in the agricultural sector. In recent years, due to inadequate management of agricultural water distribution, agricultural lands in Tajan Irrigation and Drainage Networks are suffering from excessive use of groundwater and salinity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sustainability of groundwater, water consumption, and distribution management in Tajan Irrigation and Drainage Network after implementing water-pricing policies and reducing available water of upstream lands. For this purpose, Positive Mathematical Programming model and the Asano sustainability index were used. The required data were collected from Agricultural Jihad Statistics, direct referral to Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Mazandaran Regional Water Company in years 2016 and 2017. The results showed that the situation of water resources in the region is not stable, while changing the cropping pattern and adopting different irrigation policies in the region will increase the sustainability of water resources from 0.45 to 0.27, which corresponds to changing from critical to good situation. The higher price policy for water up to 30% compared to the current conditions has little effect on irrigation water use. However, reducing available water of the upstream lands, in addition to reducing the amount of consumed water and managing its consumption, would improve the economic benefits of the network, with a minimum reduction in the upstream economic benefits. Therefore, in order to contribute to the sustainability of groundwater in the region, it is suggested that managers of the Tajan Network should adopt the policy of reducing available water to the upstream lands.