Editorial
Volume 38, Issue 2 , September 2024
Research Paper
Seyed Mohsen seyedi; mostafa goodarzi; Sedighe Ashtari; Maryam Hatamabadi Farahani; Abolghasem Sarlak
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of different irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of chitti beans, a research study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Bean Research and Education Center in Khomein, Iran. The study was designed as a multi-location (regional) experiment using a randomized ...
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To evaluate the effect of different irrigation methods on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of chitti beans, a research study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Bean Research and Education Center in Khomein, Iran. The study was designed as a multi-location (regional) experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four irrigation methods included classical sprinkler irrigation, New-fit sprinkler irrigation, rain flat irrigation, and drip tape irrigation. Different types of chitti bean cultivars (line 21492, Kousha, and Saleh) with three growth habits were randomly sown in these locations. The results showed that the maximum water consumption (12500 m3 ha-1) belonged to the classical sprinkler irrigation method, while the least (6600 m3 ha-1) was in the drip tape irrigation; and the New-fit sprinkler and Rain flat irrigation had almost the same water consumption (about 11000 m3 ha-1), were in between those two methods. Also, the highest and lowest WUE (0.45 and 0.18 kg m-3, respectively) were obtained in drip tape and classical sprinkler irrigation, respectively. The results of analysis variance showed that the irrigation method effect on yield components and grain yield was significant, but the effect of cultivar was significant only on grain yield. The highest (296.9 g m-2) and the least (228.7 g m-2) values of grain yield were observed in the drip tape and classical sprinkler, respectively. Among the cultivars, the highest grain yield belonged to Kousha and Saleh cultivars. In general, the results demonstrated that the drip tape not only decreased water consumption but also led to improving yield components of chitti bean and higher water use efficiency.
Research Paper
Meysam Abedinpour; Mohammadhossein Razzaghi
Abstract
Sesame plant is adapted to semi-arid conditions and one of its distinctive features is tolerance to water stress, and the correct management of irrigation plays a significant role in increasing the quantity and quality of sesame seeds. This research was conducted to determine the optimal irrigation method, ...
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Sesame plant is adapted to semi-arid conditions and one of its distinctive features is tolerance to water stress, and the correct management of irrigation plays a significant role in increasing the quantity and quality of sesame seeds. This research was conducted to determine the optimal irrigation method, applied water volume, and planting arrangement to achieve the maximum yield and water productivity of sesame in Gorgan region. The study was carried out as completely randomized blocks at the Agricultural Research Station in Gorgan. The treatments included 3 irrigation methods (sprinkle, T-tape drip and surface) along with three arrangements of planting on a raised bed (2 rows of planting on a raised bed 50 cm wide, 1 planting row on a 50 cm wide ridge, and one planting row with 50 cm intervals on a flatbed). Based on the results, the maximum seed yield in both years of the experiment 2021-22 was in the T-tape drip irrigation system and in the 1 planting row on a 50 cm wide ridge planting arrangement (1305 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was in the surface irrigation treatment with the flat planting method (735 kg.ha-1). The average amount of applied water for the two years of testing for the strip drip irrigation system was measured to be about 4180 m3.ha-1, and for sprinkler and surface irrigation methods was about 4675 and 5930 m3/ha, respectively. The maximum water productivity for irrigation method (T-tape drip irrigation) and for ridge planting was 0.31 and 0.45 kg/m3, respectively. In total, with the aim of achieving maximum seed yield and water productivity with minimal water consumption, T-tape drip irrigation and ridge planting are suitable for sesame and are recommended.
Research Paper
Hossein Dehghanisanij; ali mokhtaran; Ramin Nikanfar; Amir Nourjou; Mohammad Ali Shahrokhnia; Peyman Varjavand; Nader Salamati; Bahman Yargholi; Mohamad ALI Behaeen; Jafar Habibi
Abstract
In the current research, with the aim of identifying the most effective techniques to reduce actual water use (Eta) to help restore the lakes of Urmia, Tashk-Bakhtegan, Fars, and Shadgan Wetland in Khuzestan, monitoring was carried out in the crop year 2021-2022 by applying planting techniques at the ...
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In the current research, with the aim of identifying the most effective techniques to reduce actual water use (Eta) to help restore the lakes of Urmia, Tashk-Bakhtegan, Fars, and Shadgan Wetland in Khuzestan, monitoring was carried out in the crop year 2021-2022 by applying planting techniques at the level of farmers' fields and orchards. In this research, 55, 17, and 18 farms and orchards were considered from Urmia Lake, Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maron-Jarhari basins, respectively. The results showed that the application of all techniques reduced irrigation water by an average of 24.6%, increased yield by an average of 18.3% and water productivity by an average of 60.4% for all the three catchments. However, not all these techniques were effective in reducing the amount of ETa. Farm monitoring showed that the techniques based on "accurate scheduling based on soil and plant indexes along with the modification and optimal management of the existing irrigation system" were able to reduce ETa by an average of 15.5% and improving the efficiency of water productivity (WPET) by an average of 40% in all the three basins. Therefore, the most effective techniques in Urmia Lake basin were use of two-way furrows of rows of trees in surface irrigation and planning drip irrigation based on soil and plant indexes in row crops and trees, which reduced ETa by 18%. Also, there was 21%, reduction in ETa by making irrigation plots under tree shades for pomegranate and pistachio in the Tashk-Bakhtgan Basin, and 13% reduction by making basins around the shading surface of palm trees along with palm leaf mulch, and 14 % reduction by the water flow cutback management method in the strip surface irrigation in the Maron-Jarahi Basin. These were considered as the most important techniques. Finally, it can be stated that paying attention to monitoring techniques at the level of a basin with local participation and promoting them can be effective in protecting the region's ecosystem while establishing sustainable agriculture.
Research Paper
Nader Naderi; Seyyed Mohsen Tabatabaian
Abstract
Subsurface drip irrigation is one of the optimal management methods of water application in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the technical performance and soil salinity in the subsurface drip irrigation systems in Semnan Province during the years 2019 to 2020. Five systems ...
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Subsurface drip irrigation is one of the optimal management methods of water application in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the technical performance and soil salinity in the subsurface drip irrigation systems in Semnan Province during the years 2019 to 2020. Five systems were evaluated in Shahroud, Damghan, and Semnan areas. For this purpose, the hydraulic characteristics of the system, soil moisture, and soil salinity were investigated. In general, the results of the evaluation showed that the coefficient of flow variations (Vqs) varied from 4% to 8%, the statistical uniformity coefficient (Us) varied from 85% to 90.7%, and the emitter discharge coefficient of variation (Vpf) varied from 0.09 to 0.15. The hydraulic performance of the systems was relatively good. The evaluation results showed, the pressure at the end of the laterals was less than necessary in some parts, but the use of pressure compensating emitters adjusted the flow in these parts. In the studied orchards, the installation depth of the laterals was non-uniform and between 15 and 45 cm. The amount of moisture increased from the soil surface to lower parts. Examination of salinity profile of soil saturated extract showed that, with increasing horizontal distance from the lateral, the amount of salinity increased, but decreased with increasing depth. The maximum amount of salinity was found in the installation depth of 30 and 40 cm, in the 0-30 and 30-60 cm soil layers. The reason for the increase in salinity in this area was the decrease in soil moisture due to the capillary rise of moisture and its evaporation from the soil surface and faster absorption of moisture by the roots. The most important factors to improve the performance of the systems are proper implementation of the systems and provision of the necessary pressure in the manifolds and laterals, soil salinity leaching in winter with heavy flood irrigation, and installation of the laterals evenly at the appropriate depth.
Research Paper
Ali Kolahdouzan; Hamed Nozari; Safar Marofi
Abstract
In recent years, the conflict between environmental interests and farmers' livelihoods has emerged as one of the most crucial issues in the environmental and agricultural governance of the Zayandeh-Rood watershed. Hence, achieving a balance between economic profitability through the use of an optimal ...
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In recent years, the conflict between environmental interests and farmers' livelihoods has emerged as one of the most crucial issues in the environmental and agricultural governance of the Zayandeh-Rood watershed. Hence, achieving a balance between economic profitability through the use of an optimal cropping pattern and preventing the excessive extraction of groundwater resources holds great importance for policymakers in this field. In this study, the environmental function was modeled by considering water resources limitation, while the economic function was modeled based on the economic profit derived from the cultivated crops in Kohpayeh-Segzi Plain in 1996-2011. The Nash function was optimized by using constrained nonlinear optimization by taking into account the limitation of water resources in each year. After optimizing the Nash function, the cropping pattern was determined using both game theory (GT) method and linear programming (LP) method. Results indicated 30% reduction in water consumption with the GT and 17% reduction with the LP method. Additionally, the profit reductions for these two methods were 16% and 3%, respectively, compared to the base case. Furthermore, the results revealed that the groundwater level in the representative hydrograph of the plain decreased by 3.94 and 2.23 m in the GT and LP methods, respectively. Conversely, in the optimized GT method with an economic function weight of 0.5, the groundwater level of the plain increased by 8.67 m. Considering the reduction of water consumption, profit reduction, and the increase in groundwater level, the optimized GT method with a weight of 0.5 was superior to the LP method.
Research Paper
Mohammad Abdos; Mohammad Reza Yazdani
Abstract
Using magnetic water may be one of the ways to improve the effects of water quality/quantity in agriculture. The water shortage in the country and the continuation of droughts are considered as the most important factors limiting crop growth. In this research, effect of magnetic water on the growth and ...
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Using magnetic water may be one of the ways to improve the effects of water quality/quantity in agriculture. The water shortage in the country and the continuation of droughts are considered as the most important factors limiting crop growth. In this research, effect of magnetic water on the growth and yield of two plants, namely, corn (Zea mays) and roselle tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa), was investigated. The study included three treatments of magnetic water (EC=2 dS/m ( including magnetic water (T1), electromagnetic with high frequency range (T2), and electromagnetic with low frequency range (T3), and a control, in the Educational and Research Field of Semnan University, Iran. In order to investigate the effect of different magnetic water treatments on the morphological characteristics of corn/maize and roselle tea, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design (four blocks and three replications). Results revealed that corn yield in treatment T3 was 1663 gram and outweighed the control by 147 gram. Yield of roselle tea plant for treatments of T1, T2 and T3 was 259, 268 and 235, respectively. However, the results of this study showed that the effects of three magnetic water treatments on the growth performance of maize and roselle tea are not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. In general, the results show that magnetic water can greatly increase the yield of maize, but the irrigation of roselle tea with magnetized water increased growth, and yield was better during the growing season.
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