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Akbar Mohammadi; Mohammad Hossain NajafiMood; abbas khashei; Ali Shahidi
Abstract
Crop coefficient is one of the most important factors in irrigation planning and optimal allocation of water resources to plants. The crop coefficient is obtained through the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to reference crop evapotranspiration. In this research, in order to determine the crop coefficients ...
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Crop coefficient is one of the most important factors in irrigation planning and optimal allocation of water resources to plants. The crop coefficient is obtained through the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to reference crop evapotranspiration. In this research, in order to determine the crop coefficients of Narcissus flower, which is an important ornamental plant, an experiment was conducted during 2018 growing season using lysimeters, in Birjand. Three lysimeter was used in this project and water requirement of Narcissus flower was calculated by water balance method. Turf grass with a height of 12 cm was used to determine reference crop evapotranspiration. The base crop coefficients were obtained as 0.42, 0.85, 0.86, and 0.74, and the coefficients of the soil surface evaporation were 0.49, 0.28, 0.25 and 0.22 at, respectively, primary, developmental, middle, and end stages. Finally, the values of Narcissus flower’s crop coefficients at different stages of growth including primary, developmental, middle, and end stages were calculated as 0.91, 1.13, 1.11, and 0.96. The estimation of water requirement and irrigation management of Narcissus flower will be possible using the obtained Kc values.
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Ebrahim Sharifi Ashoorabadi; Hassan Rouhi pour; Maryam Jebeli; Maryam Mackizadeh Tafti; Behrooz Nadery
Abstract
To determine crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was performed in 2016 using lysimeters (direct method) and computational method In the direct method, drainage lysimeters with underground structures located at Alborz Research Station in Karaj were used. Each ...
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To determine crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of Thymus daenensis Celak., an experiment was performed in 2016 using lysimeters (direct method) and computational method In the direct method, drainage lysimeters with underground structures located at Alborz Research Station in Karaj were used. Each of the lysimeters were 0.9 meters in diameter and 1.28 meters high. In each lysimeter, a seedling of Thymus was planted. Then, two main lysimeters were selected and their irrigation was adjusted to the field capacity. On both sides of the main lysimeters, similar lysimeters were considered as margins. During the experiment period, the input and output water of the lysimeters as well as dry weight of aerial parts, the amount of evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in Thymus daenensis were measured. In order to estimate the evapotranspiration of the reference plant, the computational methods of Blaney Criddle and FAO Penman-Monteith were used. Thymus plant coefficients during plant growth, was obtained as the ratio of Thymus evapotranspiration to reference plant evapotranspiration. Based on the results, the amount of cumulative evapotranspiration of the reference plant by Blaney Criddle-FAO and Penman-Monteith-FAO were 715 and 631 mm, respectively. In lysimeters, Thymus evapotranspiration up to the beginning of flowering was 100 mm, to the beginning of seed production 455 mm, and to the end of seed production 622.13 mm. The Thymus plant coefficients in initial, crop development, mid-season and late-season stages were 0.33, 0.65, 1.20, and 0.99, respectively. Water use efficiency was estimated to be 0.4 gL-1. By determining the plant coefficient and water requirement of Thymus, in addition to helping in design of intelligent systems and mechanized irrigation, it will be possible to plan and manage irrigation during the plant growth period.
fatemaeh hajiabadi; Farzad Hassan Pour; Mostafa Yaghoubzadeh; Hossin Homami; Seyed Mohsen seyedi
Abstract
Salinity and drought stress are the most important factors that limit plant growth, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. To investigate the effects of irrigation water levels and salinity on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Sirvan, a factorial experiment was conducted in a complete randomized ...
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Salinity and drought stress are the most important factors that limit plant growth, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. To investigate the effects of irrigation water levels and salinity on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Sirvan, a factorial experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications in the research field of agricultural faculty of the University of Birjand during the growing season of 2017-18. The treatments included irrigation at four levels (125%, 100%, 75%, and 50% water requirement) and water salinity in three levels (1.6 dS.m-1, 6 dS.m-1, and 7.8 dS.m-1). The results showed that yield components, biological yield, and grain yield of wheat were affected by water irrigation levels and water salinity. Moreover, these treatment significantly reduced the yield components, harvest index, and water use efficiency (WUE). In biological and grain yield of wheat, the highest and the lowest amounts belonged to 125% water requirement × salinity of 1.6 dS m-1 by 1535and 588.76 g m-2, respectively. In biological yield and grain yield, there was no significant difference observed between 125% wheat water requirement × salinity’s of 1.6% dS.m-1 and 100% water requirement × salinity of 1.6% dS.m-1 treatments. Biological and grain yield of wheat decreased to 65% in 50% water requirement × salinity of 7.8 dS m-1 compared with 125% water requirement × salinity of 1.6% dS.m-1. According to results of this experiment, 125% and 100% water requirement treatments had the highest biological and grain yield. Although 125% wheat water requirement had the highest value in all traits but they were not significant compared to 100% water requirement treatment. In water salinity treatments, non-stress levels had the best performance. According to the results of this study, to avoid salt accumulation in the root zone under saline water irrigation and to decrease negative salinity effects, irrigation must be applied based on wheat water requirement.
Ali Abdzad Gohari; Omid Sadeghipour
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting crop production. Consumption of natural fertilizers can make optimal use of water in irrigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and humic acid on yield and water use efficiency in common ...
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Water scarcity is one of the most important environmental factors limiting crop production. Consumption of natural fertilizers can make optimal use of water in irrigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and humic acid on yield and water use efficiency in common bean. The experiment was conducted in split plots based on randomized complete block design, with three replications in Guilan province, in 2016. The main factor was irrigation at three levels (rainfed, 50%, and 100% water requirement) and the sub factor included humic acid spraying at four levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 L.ha-1). In irrigation treatments, highest average seed yield (2610 kg.ha-1) was obtained in full irrigation conditions (100% water requirement). In the humic acid spraying applications, maximum seed yield was observed at 6 L.ha-1 with average of 2661 kg.ha-1. In interaction of irrigation and humic acid, the highest seed yield was obtained in full irrigation and 6 L ha-1 humic acid with an average of 3547 kg.ha-1. The highest seed yield (3030 kg.ha-1) was obtained in 50% water requirement and 6 L.ha-1 humic acid. The highest seed yield in rainfed conditions was obtained at 4 and 6 L.ha-1 of humic acid, with an average of 1461 and 1406 kg.ha-1, respectively. In different irrigation treatments, the highest water use efficiency was obtained with the mean of 1.78 kg.m-3 in rainfed treatment. The humic acid treatments had a positive effect on water use efficiency in comparison with the non-humic acid treatments, but there was no significant difference between treatments 2, 4, and 6 L.ha-1. Altogether, the results of this study indicate the beneficial effects of humic acid on water deficit stress in common bean cultivation in the study area.
Saeed Ghavam; Hossin Homami; Abbas Khashei
Abstract
Water is one of the most important factors that limit agricultural development, especially in arid and semiarid regions around the world. One of the important data for water management is the amount of water requirement of different plants. In this regard, by measuring water input and output in lysimeters ...
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Water is one of the most important factors that limit agricultural development, especially in arid and semiarid regions around the world. One of the important data for water management is the amount of water requirement of different plants. In this regard, by measuring water input and output in lysimeters and using water balance equation, crop water use is determined. In this study, to determine crop coefficients of Milk thistle, as a valuable medicinal herb, a 1-year lysimetric experiment was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, during the growing season of 2018. To conduct this project, six weighing lysimeters were used. To determine potential evapotranspiration as a reference crop, grass was grown in three lysimeters and, in three other lysimeters, Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) was planted. Based on the results, the reference crop evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration of the plant were equal to, respectively, 1179.5 and 920.2 mm, during the growing period of 177 days. The length of different stages of plant growth, including the initial, development, middle, and end stages was 22, 35, 70, and 50 days, respectively. Finally, based on the FAO method, the crop coefficient (KC) curve was drawn and the average of crop coefficient at each of four stages of plant growth was determined as 0.34, 0.69, 0.93, and 0.77, respectively.
Alireza Nouralinejad; Ebrahim Amiri; Hossein Babazadeh; Hosein Sedghi
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the production function of common bean and cowpea and evaluation of water use efficiency in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in 2016 and 2017. The present study was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Main treatments consisted ...
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This research was conducted to determine the production function of common bean and cowpea and evaluation of water use efficiency in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in 2016 and 2017. The present study was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Main treatments consisted of irrigation of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of water requirement of the plant, and nitrogen treatments in sub plots consisting of no fertilizer, 30, 60, and 90 kg N ha-1 and two bean varieties (ordinary beans and cowpea). The results showed that the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and other agronomic traits were significant (P< 5%), in 2016 and 2017. Two-year average seed yield in 100% water requirement and 60 kg N ha-1 treatments in common bean and cowpea cultivars were 3446 and 3646 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest water productivity in 2016 and 2017 was obtained for the interaction of cultivar and irrigation on seed yield, and was 0.48 and 0.47 kg m-3, respectively. Water use productivity of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and bean cultivars in 2016 and 2017 in 100% water requirement treatment and 30 and 60 kg N/ha was between 0.42 and 0.46 kg m-3. The results of the estimation of production function indicated that the seed yield increased with nitrogen fertilizer application up to 30 kg ha-1, but with gradual increase in nitrogen fertilizer, the yield decreased. Based on the present study, 100% water requirement for seed yield can be recommended for both bean cultivars, however, the amount of fertilizer should be 60 kg N/ha for common bean and 30 kg N/ha for Cowpea.
fatemeh abbaspour; hamidreza asghari; P Rezvani Moghaddam; hamid abbasdokht; javad shabahang; adel baig babaei
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted which focused on the effects of walnut wood biochar and chemical fertilizers on quality characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) under water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a split plots factorial layout based on a randomized ...
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A field experiment was conducted which focused on the effects of walnut wood biochar and chemical fertilizers on quality characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) under water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a split plots factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. Three levels of irrigation (I1: 100%, I2: 70% and I3: 40% of crop water requirement) were assigned as the main plots and the combination of three levels of biochar (B1: 0, B2: 10 and B3: 20 t.ha-1) and two levels of chemical fertilizers (F1: without and F2: with chemical fertilizer) were allocated to sub plots. Recommended dose for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was 150 kg N.ha-1, 75 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 100 kg K2SO4.ha-1, respectively. Results showed that irrigation had no effect on soil properties, but application of 20 t ha-1 of biochar improved soil saturation percentage, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Irrigation significantly influenced the seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage, and fatty acids, except oleic acid. The 70% water requirement treatment increased the amount of fatty acids, except stearic acid. Plant quality characteristics significantly increased by 10 t ha-1 biochar application. Application of 10 t ha-1 biochar plus 70% irrigation water requirement and using chemical fertilizer (I2B2F2) produced the highest seed yield (1158.4 kg ha-1). Based on the results, it seems that application of 10 t ha-1 biochar is suitable for black seed production under water deficit condition.
Elham Saberi; fateme rezaei; a kh
Abstract
Detailed estimation of evapotranspiration is required for water balance studies, water utilities, design and management of irrigation conveyance systems and water resources management, and other purposes. In this study, crop coefficients and water requirements of Ajwain, which is one of the most important ...
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Detailed estimation of evapotranspiration is required for water balance studies, water utilities, design and management of irrigation conveyance systems and water resources management, and other purposes. In this study, crop coefficients and water requirements of Ajwain, which is one of the most important medicinal herbs, were determined during a growing season in College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, by using lysimeters. For this purpose, three weighing lysimeters were used and water requirement of Ajwain was calculated by water balance method. To calculate the reference evapotranspiration, common grass sown in green spaces was used with a height of 12 cm as the reference plant. Finally, at the end of the growing season, values of Ajwain crop coefficients during different growth stages including early stage, crop development, midseason, and late season were obtained as, respectively, 0.78, 1.06, 1.13 and 0.96. Also, the total evapotranspiration of the plant in lysimeter was 492 mm.
A D; F K
Abstract
Climate change will affect rice water requirement through changes in rice physiology and phenology, soil water balance, evapotranspiration, and green water. Adapting with this major environmental challenge is necessary to maintain or improve the current level of rice production in the future. Considering ...
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Climate change will affect rice water requirement through changes in rice physiology and phenology, soil water balance, evapotranspiration, and green water. Adapting with this major environmental challenge is necessary to maintain or improve the current level of rice production in the future. Considering the vital role of Mazandaran province in supplying rice demand of Iran, this study was conducted to quantify the effects of climate change and different cropping calendars on irrigation water requirement and amounts of green water of the province during rice growing season. Using climatic data of Babolsar, Ghaemshahr, Noshahr, and Ramsar for the base period (1980- 2010) and LARS-WG downscaling model, the weather data of 2011- 2100 were generated under different climate scenarios. Based on the minimum and maximum temperatures, the same cultivation period between current and future periods was selected. Rice water requirement was determined by Neuro-fuzzy inference system. Performance evaluation of LARS-WG model using different statistics indicated suitability of the model to simulate future climate conditions in the region. Under climate change, rice cultivation can start 2 to 23 days earlier and the number of days to physiological maturity will be reduced by one to 20 days. Despite shortening the growing period, due to the negative effects of high temperature and decrease in green water, late planting dates will increase irrigation water requirement. However, suitable cultivation time will reduce rice water requirement of the future up to 681 m3 ha-1. The results demonstrated that management of rice cultivation calendar can be an effective way to achieve sustainable agriculture under future climate condition in Mazandaran province.
H J; P A; M D; M T
Abstract
Evapotranspiration of orchard crops is often determined by indirect method and based on meteorological data due to the difficulties inherent in direct measurement instruments such as installation of large lysimeters or precision equipment, and long growing seasons of tree crops. Evapotranspiration estimation ...
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Evapotranspiration of orchard crops is often determined by indirect method and based on meteorological data due to the difficulties inherent in direct measurement instruments such as installation of large lysimeters or precision equipment, and long growing seasons of tree crops. Evapotranspiration estimation with sufficient accuracy is not feasible due to spatial variability of meteorological parameters and, sometimes, due to inappropriate distribution of meteorological stations. Therefore, using methods based on remote sensing, which account for these variations, is much more desirable. In this research, evapotranspiration of olive trees at different phonologic stages was measured using direct and indirect methods in Tarom district of Zanjan Province. In the direct method, actual evapotranspiration was determined by measuring moisture balance components, whilst in the indirect one, it was specified with the help of satellite imagery, the SEBAL algorithms, and Penman-Monteith equation. Olive crop coefficient was subsequently calculated and evaluated by determining reference crop evapotranspiration. The results indicated that evapotranspiration calculated by the remote sensing method at different stages of the growth had acceptable conformity with soil moisture balance data and evapotranspiration values obtained from the Penman–Monteith equation (the respective correlation coefficients were 0.95 and 0.88) and both evapotranspiration curves along the growing season had a similar increasing and decreasing trend. Moreover, crop coefficient obtained by the SEBAL algorithm and the water balance methods were well correlated (R2=0.86) and the remote sensing method with the aforementioned advantages can be used in predicting evapotranspiration.
Arash Tafteh; Niazali Ebrahimipak; Hossin Babazadeh; Fereydoon Kaveh
Abstract
Management of water distribution in the Qazvin Plain is planned on monthly intervals. Therefore, production functions which can accurately predict yield reduction under deficit irrigation on monthly basis are needed. This study was conducted with the following purpose: assessment of the production functions ...
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Management of water distribution in the Qazvin Plain is planned on monthly intervals. Therefore, production functions which can accurately predict yield reduction under deficit irrigation on monthly basis are needed. This study was conducted with the following purpose: assessment of the production functions using different methods including, minimum, average, multiplicative, Raes method, and product with yield response factor (Ky) power as applied by FAO and Najarchi yield response factors. To estimate tomato yield under different deficit irrigations and evaluation of empirical methods, a study was conducted by using randomized complete block design with irrigation interval treatments including T1, T2, T3, and T4 representing, respectively, 60, 90,120, and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan between consecutive irrigations. The study had three replications and was carried out at the Faizabad Agricultural Research Station, in Qazvin. The results showed that maximum water requirement of tomato plant was 1073 mm, T1 treatment had the maximum yield with 88500 kg/ha and T4 treatment had the minimum yield with 57000 kg/ha. Also, according to statistical comparisons, the proposed method that estimated the plant response factor based on monthly power had the minimum root mean square error (RMSE) and normal root mean square error (NRMSE), while it had the highest agreement index and coefficient of determination (R2).The plant yield response factors were determined in June, July, August, September, and October as, respectively, 0.7, 1.1, 1.1, 1.14 and 0.4. The value of this factor for initial growth, plant development satge, mid-season, and late-season were, respectively, 0.7, 1.1, 1.14, and 0.4, while the average for the whole growing period was determined as 0.89 by using the proposed method. As a result, the proposed method is suggested as a convenient method.
H SADRGHEIN
Abstract
In Iran, limited water resources and high potential evaporation have led to limited planting of some corps like sugar beet that have long growing season and high water requirements. Sugar beet is a strategic crop planted in most provinces of Iran and its production is very important in agricultural and ...
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In Iran, limited water resources and high potential evaporation have led to limited planting of some corps like sugar beet that have long growing season and high water requirements. Sugar beet is a strategic crop planted in most provinces of Iran and its production is very important in agricultural and industrial aspects. Most of sugar beet farms are irrigated by surface irrigation methods, but the use of drip irrigation can be proposed and developed. This study was based on several researches (specially done in recent years) on using tape drip irrigation systems in sugar beet fields. Results showed that water use efficiency in drip tape irrigation was 1.7 times greater than furrow irrigation. Drip tape irrigation decreased water consumption by 37 - 60 percent. Sowing patterns with 50 x40 cm row spacing and placing each tape for two rows recommended which results in cost reduction of tapes and increased root yields. The increase of yields using tape drip irrigation systems was not significant, but increase of water use efficiency based on root yield and sugar contents was significant (p< 0.01). Water saving with tape systems in fall planting was about two times greater than spring planting. The water stress in root swelling stage was more effective in decreasing of root yield than other growth stages, so using of water stress must not applied by farmers in growth period. Finally, the applicable approach for develop of this system in sugar beet fields is presented.