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Majid Smaeli; Hamid Madani; Bahram Majdnasiri; Saeed Chavoshi; Noorali Sajedi
Abstract
To investigate sensitivity indicators of five new sunflower cultivars under water stress conditions in terms of drought tolerance (DT) and water use efficiency (WUE), a split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2020 in the Braun ...
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To investigate sensitivity indicators of five new sunflower cultivars under water stress conditions in terms of drought tolerance (DT) and water use efficiency (WUE), a split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2020 in the Braun Area of Isfahan Province, Iran. The surface irrigation treatments included three levels based on evaporation from class A evaporation pan: 90 (no-stress), 120 (mild stress), and 150 mm (severe stress), as the main factor, and sunflower hybrids Chiara, Oscar, Fantasia, Hysun33, and Shams, as the secondary factors. Indicators such as economic yield (EY), biological yield (BY), WUE, harvest index (HI) and DT were analyzed. The highest rates of HI (43%), WPe (4854 kg.ha-1), and BY (13457 kg.ha-1) were obtained from no-stress treatment, followed by 120 mm treatment. Among the cultivars, Fantasia variety with BY equal to 12268 kg.ha-1, economic yield (4081kg.ha-1), and HI of 43% had the highest values. The highest WUE was obtained in the conditions of mild stress and severe stress equal to 0.85 and 0.72 kg.m-3, respectively. Among sunflower cultivars, the highest WUE belonged to Hysun 33 with 1.04 kg.m-3. Fantasia with 0.96 kg.m-3and Shams with 0.84 kg.m-3 ranked next. Also, the lowest values of WUE were related to Oscar and Chiara cultivars with values of 0.81 and 0.75 kg.m-3, respectively. In total, deficit irrigation in the 120 mm treatment had the least negative effect on yield and harvest index, and it was suitable in terms of WUE. Finally, Fantasia showed the highest BY, DT, and HI with suitable WUE.
7
mansour esmaily; mohamad reza dadashi; mohamad taghi fayz bakhsh; kami kaboosi; fatemeh shaikh
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of grain corn in the climatic conditions of Gorgan,an experiment was conducted using split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Araghi Mahaleh Research Station of Gorgan, ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of grain corn in the climatic conditions of Gorgan,an experiment was conducted using split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Araghi Mahaleh Research Station of Gorgan, in 2021. The main factor was irrigation treatments at four levels (100% (control), 75%, 50%, and 25% of corn water requirement) and was done based on soil sampling for moisture determination and use of drip irrigation by tape, and the secondary factor consisted of four corn varieties (SC703, SC704, ZP548, BK50). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation factor was significant (p< 1%) on the examined traits, except the number of rows in the ear. The effect of cultivars on all traits (number of rows per ear, days until earing, plant height, number of seeds per row, weight of 1000 seeds, length of ear, dry weight of stem and leaves, dry weight of cob wood, grain yield, yield, water productivity, and leaf proline) was also significant (p< 1%). Additionally, interaction of deficit-irrigation and cultivars on the traits of the number of rows of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds and seed yield was significant. Comparing the averages showed that the highest seed yield (7722 kg/ha) was observed in the control treatment and the seed yield of the 75%, 50% and 25% treatments compared to the control was 6.8%, 52.4%, and 82% less, respectively. ZP548 hybrid had the highest seed yield (5576 kg/ha) and the highest amount of proline was obtained from the 25% water demand treatment (9.91 μmol/g). The highest water productivity was observed in the 75% treatment (1.07 kg/m3). Considering the large volume of water saving (2258 m3/ha) in this treatment, irrigation is recommended based on 75% of water requirement and cultivation of ZP548 variety in Gorgan region.
3
esmaeel mir; halimeh piri; Amir Naserin
Abstract
Carla is a medicinal plant whose fruit is used to treat diabetes. In this study, the effect of water stress and biochar on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of Carla plant was investigated. The experiment was performed in greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner and in a completely randomized ...
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Carla is a medicinal plant whose fruit is used to treat diabetes. In this study, the effect of water stress and biochar on the qualitative and quantitative parameters of Carla plant was investigated. The experiment was performed in greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner and in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included three irrigation water treatments (50%, 75%, and 100% of the water requirement) and four biochar treatments (zero, 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% by weight of potting soil). During the growing season, water treatments were applied by weekly weighing of the pots and replenishing the water loss up to Field Capacity. The amount of water added to each pot was measured. Harvest at 50 days after planting was done once a week. A total of five harvests were performed. In each harvest, quantitative parameters including plants height, number, weight, diameter and length of fruit, and qualitative parameters of fruit sugar content, greenness index, and leaf area index in each pot were carefully measured. Also, the yield and efficiency of irrigation water consumption at the end of the planting season was determined in each treatment. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water and biochar levels were significant (at 1% and 5% probability) on the measured parameters. With decrease in irrigation water, the amount of quantitative parameters and plant yield decreased. The highest value of the measured parameters was obtained from 100% irrigation water treatment, which was not significantly different from the 75% irrigation water treatment. The use of biochar up to 2.5% by weight of soil increased the parameters. Use of the right amount of biochar reduces the negative effects of stress and improves plant growth compared with the control treatment. Therefore, use of biochar for plants, especially when the plant is under water stress, can be recommendable. In order to reduce the amount of water used in greenhouses and improve plant growth and yield, biochar use is advisable, however, its use under field conditions should be tested.
7
Hossein Beyrami; Mohammad Hassan Rahimian; Farhad Dehghany
Abstract
Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water ...
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Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water requirements of salicornia under lysimetric conditions in a factorial experiment with completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were two species of salicornia (Salicornia bigelovii and Salicornia persica) and two levels of irrigation water salinities (8 and 25 dS.m-1) in three replications. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa), reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and crop coefficients (Kc) of salicornia species were determined at three main salicornia growth stages. The results showed that increase in irrigation water salinity from 8 to 25 dS.m-1caused significant changes in yield (biomass and seed yield) of the two salicornia species at the 1-percent probability level. Moreover, the amount of irrigation water consumption in different treatments and replications varied from 28 to 33 thousand cubic meters per hectare. For the salinity level of 8 dS.m-1, the Kc values at the beginning, middle, and end of growing season of bigelovii specie were obtained as 1.18, 1.55, and 1.42, respectively, while for the salinity level of 25 dS.m-1, these values were 1.06, 1.37, and 1.26, respectively. For persica specie, the Kc values of the beginning, middle, and end of the growing season were 1.37, 1.58, and 1.10 (for salinity level of 8 dS.m-1) and 1.15, 1.38 and 1.27 (for salinity level of 25 dS.m-1), respectively. In addition, water use efficiencies of salicornia varied from 0.21 to 0.38 kg.m-3 at different treatments and species.
7
Gholamhosein homayouni; Nima Ahmadi; Mahmoud roozban
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous applications of salicylic acid on improvement of drought tolerance in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.). The experiment was arranged as factorial based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Salicylic acid concentrations of ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous applications of salicylic acid on improvement of drought tolerance in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus L.). The experiment was arranged as factorial based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mM were foliar sprayed on pot plants treated with three levels of irrigation including 30%, 60%, and 100% Field Capacity). Application of salicylic acid was repeated three times with three-day interval, while plants were exposed to drought stress for four weeks. The traits such as flower number, flower diameter, fresh weigh of individual flower, shoot number, and water use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated in this study. Based on the results, the effect of salicylic acid on severe deficit irrigation (30% PC) was significant, and the highest number of flowers at this level was observed in foliar application of 0.5 and 1 mM salicylic acid. Also, the highest fresh weight of single flower and number of sub-branches were obtained in application of 0.5 mM salicylic acid under severe deficit irrigation. In addition, exogenous salicylic acid at all levels significantly improved the flower diameter, which could have a major impact on the aesthetic properties of this plant under deficit-irrigation conditions. In total, due to availability of salicylic acid and easy use, foliar application of salicylic acid at 0.5 mM concentration would be recommended to improve Madagascar periwinkle drought tolerance under severe deficit irrigation.
Fatemeh Meskini-Vishkaee; Alireza Jafarnejadi; Naser Davatgar
Abstract
Irrigation water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors in agricultural production. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different intensities of water deficit stress on yield and water use efficiency of Chamran 2 wheat cultivar in a moderate-textured soil in Khuzestan province. ...
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Irrigation water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors in agricultural production. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different intensities of water deficit stress on yield and water use efficiency of Chamran 2 wheat cultivar in a moderate-textured soil in Khuzestan province. In this research, 10 treatments including full irrigation and water deficit stress at three intensity levels (low, moderate, and severe) were applied under two conditions: during whole growing season or at a given stage of plant growth. This research was done as a completely randomized design with three replications. The salinity of studied soil was 2.95 dS m-1, and soil texture was silty clay loam. The mean water use in different stress treatments was less than full irrigation by 17% (moderate-intensity stress in the third growth stage of wheat) to 43% (high-intensity stress throughout the plant growth period). Applying different intensities of water stress caused reduction in wheat grain yield by 13% (low-intensity stress throughout the growth period) to 76% (high-intensity stress throughout the growth period). The results showed that water stress at stem elongation and grain filling stages of wheat reduced the grain yield more than stress at flowering and milk stages. The lowest value of mean thousand kernel weight (28 g) was observed in the treatments applied in the final growth stage of wheat, confirming the importance of irrigation effects during grain filling stage on the quality of grain. The overall water use efficiency in low-intensity water stress (0.78 g L-1) was higher than the full irrigation treatment (0.62 g L-1), probably due to the reduction of irrigation water losses by drainage and evaporation.
Mohammad Hossein Banakar; Alimohammad Cheraghi; Mehdi Karimi; Mohammadhasan Rahimian
Abstract
Due to shortage of fresh water resources and increase in the salinity of soil and water resources, use of halophytes has a great importance for forage production and human food security. To compare the effect of different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, and drip) on some halophyte forage species, ...
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Due to shortage of fresh water resources and increase in the salinity of soil and water resources, use of halophytes has a great importance for forage production and human food security. To compare the effect of different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, and drip) on some halophyte forage species, a research was conducted in Sadooq Salinity Research Farm of NSRC in Yazd, Iran, for three years. The experimental design was arranged in complete randomized block design in the form of split plot with three replications, Main plots were different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, drip) and halophyte species (A. canescens, A. halimus, A. lentiformis, A. nummularia, and K. indica) were laid out as sub main plots. All plots were irrigated with saline water of 14 dSm-1. During the growing season, all plants were cut every 3-4 months and yield and yield component as well as water use efficiency were measured. Results indicated that A. canescens, followed by A. halimus, with yield of 7.48 and 3.28 ton/ha dry forage, respectively, had the highest forage yield with significant differences (p< 0.05) with each other and with other treatments. Results showed that, under furrow irrigation method, A. canesence and K. indica had the maximum and minimum water use efficiency, respectively. The same trend was also observed for bubbler and drip irrigation methods, as A. canesence had the maximum of water use efficiency under these methods. Based on the results, the highest water use efficiency (2.26 kg/m3) was observed for A. canesence irrigated with bubbler method, and the lowest (0.07 kg/m3) was for K. indica under drip irrigation method. Consequently, based on the results of this experiment and considering the economical and operational aspects of irrigation methods, A. canesence, with dry yield of 7.73 and 8.81 ton/ha under furrow and bubbler irrigation methods, respectively, could be introduced as the best halophyte species for forage production under saline conditions. The results will be more helpful if the experiment is carried out again with determination of water requirement for each plant based on evapotranspiration or soil moisture fluctuations.
Mohammad Mehdi Gharahdaghi; Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei; Eisa Maroufpoor; Farzad Hossinpanahi
Abstract
Proper design of the factors effective in hydraulic performance of drip-tape irrigation systems appropriate to the field and crop conditions is the key for their success. For this purpose, two important and sensitive parameters are lateral spacing and emitter spacing. Lack of correct selection of these ...
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Proper design of the factors effective in hydraulic performance of drip-tape irrigation systems appropriate to the field and crop conditions is the key for their success. For this purpose, two important and sensitive parameters are lateral spacing and emitter spacing. Lack of correct selection of these two parameters affects the drip-tape irrigation system performance and it has a significant impact on the cost of implementing such irrigation systems. To investigate the effect of the lateral and emitter spacing on winter wheat yield, its components, and water use efficiency, a factorial arrangement experiment with two factors based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the Soil and Water Research Institute Station, Karaj, Iran. The investigated factors included lateral spacing (at 30, 45, and 60 cm) and emitter spacing (at 10, 20, and 30 cm). Results showed that in most of the studied indices, the 20 cm emitter spacing in different lateral spacing was the superior treatment. The results showed that, although the 30 cm lateral spacing led to the highest yield, but based on the results of economic analysis, the highest economic performance for a wheat field could be achieved at 45 cm lateral spacing, which could be adopted by farmers.
Mohammad Zounemat Kermani; rasool asadi
Abstract
Considering the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, deficit irrigation is one of the strategies for efficient use of water and increasing water use efficiency in agricultural districts. In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on the quantitative traits of ...
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Considering the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, deficit irrigation is one of the strategies for efficient use of water and increasing water use efficiency in agricultural districts. In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on the quantitative traits of Thymus vulgaris L., an experiment was conducted in Kerman Municipality seedling production station in 2016. The experimental treatments were arranged as randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation (FI-100), regulated deficit (RDI75% and RDI55%) and partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD75% and PRD55%). The results showed that the highest herbage dry weight (1670.6 kg/ha) and leaf area index in different stages of growth were produced by full irrigation treatment, while no significant difference between this treatment and PRD75 was observed. Also, the highest number of shoots (64.4) and plant height (39.4 cm) were produced by full irrigation treatment and there was significant difference between this treatment and other treatments. However, the highest water use efficiency (0.66 kg/m3), root fresh weight (4.5 g), root depth (15.8 cm) and root volume (2.8 cm3 per plant) appeared in PRD75. Therefore, 75 percent water replacement in partial root zone drying irrigation treatments, in addition to saving water consumption, provides better use of soil moisture and sunlight. Thus, this treatment can be considered as suitable approach to cope with the water crisis and achieve a sustainable agriculture.
mohammadhossin rahimian; hamidreza zabihi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of municipal compost and super absorbent polymer on yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and water use efficiency in greenhouse a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors in randomized complete block design in four replications in Khorasan ...
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In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of municipal compost and super absorbent polymer on yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and water use efficiency in greenhouse a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors in randomized complete block design in four replications in Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center (torough station). First factor was four levels of compost including (C0=0, C15=15%, C30=30% and C50=50% weight of soil) and second factor was super absorbent polymer at four levels including (G0=0, G5=5, G10=10, G15=15 gram per pot). All fertilizers according to soil test as well compost and super absorbent polymers were used before planting. Pots were irrigated at 50% allowable moisture depletion. Results showed that interaction effect of Hydro gel and compost on yield of tomato was significant and the highest yield was 3520 (gr/pot) obtained from C30G0 treatment. The lowest yield was 1588 (gr/pot) and obtained from C50G15 treatment. Results showed that interaction effect of Hydro gel and compost on water use efficiency was significant too, and the highest WUE was 57.97kg/m3 obtain from C30G0 treatment and the lowest WUE was 15.64 kg/m3 Obtained from C0G15.The best of interval irrigation obtained from C50 treatments equal 8 days. According to the results and beneficial effects of compost on growth and yield of tomato use of compost I preparing of bedding of greenhouse tomato is recommended.
Nasser Sedaghati; Seyed Javad Hosseinifard; Mohammad Reza Nikouei Dastjerdi
Abstract
Unsustainable withdrawal of agricultural water resources in the province of Kerman has caused an annual average of one-meter drop in ground watertable. Drop in groundwater levels, in addition to decreasing water resources, has caused their gradual salinization. Thus, it is necessary to carry ...
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Unsustainable withdrawal of agricultural water resources in the province of Kerman has caused an annual average of one-meter drop in ground watertable. Drop in groundwater levels, in addition to decreasing water resources, has caused their gradual salinization. Thus, it is necessary to carry out research to find the ways for increasing water use productivity (WUP) and new guidelines to use saline water. This research was conducted in randomized complete block design, consisting of two types of irrigation water (normal and magnetic saline water with a salinity of about 19 dS/m) and two amounts of irrigation water (85% and 100% of the water requirements of pistachio trees). Treatments were compared with a mixture of non-saline and saline water treatment as a control (with a salinity of 6.5 dS/m). Irrigation was done every 30 days, based on the irrigation frequency of the experimental plots before the project. The results showed that, in most cases, there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in the average growth characteristics and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the yield in different treatments of saline water (both magnetic and non-magnetic water). In certain cases where the difference was significant, there was no clear trend. In all cases, treatment of mixed non-saline and saline water compared to non-magnetic and magnetic saline water treatments was significantly (p<0.05) better. Overall, in comparison with the control, the use of saline water (in both normal and magnetic treatment), caused decrease in leaf area about 20 cm2, 10% reduction in reproductive bud formation, reduced length and diameter of branches 5 cm and 1.5 cm, respectively, decreased dry weight per tree by 0.5 kg, increased blanking by7%, decreased splitting by10%, and increased 1.5 units in number of nut in ounce. Also, the use of saline water reduced the yield by 120 g dry weight per cubic meter of applied water (WUP). There wasn't significant difference between treatments for soil nutrient concentrations. Magnetic water had no effect on the improvement of soil salinity and sodium adsorption ratio. In all treatments in both non-magnetic and magnetic water, the final infiltration rate of water in the soil at the end of the second year, was reduced up to 31.6%, while it did not change in the control treatment. Permeability reduction in treatment with 100 percent water requirement was more compared to treatments with 85% water requirement. Seemingly, increase in the amount of irrigation water led to more sodium entry into the soil and, eventuall,y infiltration rate was reduced. Thus, the results showed no positive effect in the magnetic water on reducing the negative effects of salt water on the pistachio trees and soil. It seems that the effect of magnetic water on perennial plants requires longer studies (5-10 years old).
Hassan Ebrahimi rad; hossin babazadeh; ebrahim amiri; hossin sedghi
Abstract
It is necessary to optimize productivity and usage of available water resources due to shortage of these resources and low irrigation efficiency in rice fields. In order to study the effect of different irrigation managements and planting densities on rice, cv. Hashemi, an experiment was conducted in ...
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It is necessary to optimize productivity and usage of available water resources due to shortage of these resources and low irrigation efficiency in rice fields. In order to study the effect of different irrigation managements and planting densities on rice, cv. Hashemi, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Koshal-Lahijan, in north of Iran, during cropping seasons of 2014 and 2015. There were 5 levels of irrigation treatments in this research including: I1 = Submerged irrigation, I2 = Saturation, I3 = Irrigation with 8 days interval before anthesis, I4 = Irrigation with 8 days interval after anthesis, I5= Irrigation with 8 days interval throughout the growing season). Also, there were 3 levels of planting density including, D1=15×15, D2=20×20, and D3=25×25 cm. Combined variance analysis showed that the effect of water stress and plant density on measured traits were significantly different (p<0.01). I1 had the highest yield in all treatments during the growth season, which was equal to 4151kg. Yields of I2, I3, I4, and I5 were equal to 4054, 3949, 3244, and 2787, respectively. Water productivity values of I3 and I5 were equal to 1.90 and 1.45 kg.m-3, which were the maximum and minimum (irrigation + rain) water productivity based on biomass. The results also showed that irrigation with 8 days interval before anthesis decreased water use by 16%, but it caused only 4% yield reduction. Analyzing different crop densities showed that yield components increased in high density (D1), while yield per unit area and water productivity decreased when plant densities decreased (D3). So, (D2) is the optimum spacing and is recommended.
n s; h d; a d
Abstract
Application of advance irrigation methods to a proper utilization of water resources is inevitable. The effects of different amounts of irrigation water on yield and quality of two varieties of date palm under asubsurface drip irrigation were studied in Behbahan Agricultural Research Station during two ...
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Application of advance irrigation methods to a proper utilization of water resources is inevitable. The effects of different amounts of irrigation water on yield and quality of two varieties of date palm under asubsurface drip irrigation were studied in Behbahan Agricultural Research Station during two growing seasons (2014-2015). The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with a split plot design with three replications where three levels of water application based on T1=75%, T2=100% and T3=125% of crop water requirement, were as the main plots and two variety of Khasi and Zahedi were as sub-plots. The results showed that different levels of irrigation have not had no significant effect on the quality and yield of fruit. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the levels of irrigation in terms of water use efficiency. Accordingly, T1 by 0.88 kg of dates per cubic meter of water showed higher water use efficiency. Comparison of mean interactions between the water application and varieties showed water use efficiency of Khasi and Zahedi varieties were 0.86 and 0.89 kg/m3, respectively. The applied irrigation water of palm trees based on T1 was of 7545 m3/ha which was 2515 m3/ha less compared to that under T2.
z s; m d; mehdi panahi; E A
Abstract
Effects of six irrigation treatments on vegetative characteristics, yield, and sugar content of sugar beet and water use efficiency were investigated. The experiment was conducted at Aleshtar in Lorestan province during growing seasons of 2014 and 2015, using a randomized complete block design. Irrigation ...
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Effects of six irrigation treatments on vegetative characteristics, yield, and sugar content of sugar beet and water use efficiency were investigated. The experiment was conducted at Aleshtar in Lorestan province during growing seasons of 2014 and 2015, using a randomized complete block design. Irrigation treatments consisted of full irrigation (T1) as the control, T1 +cutting off the last irrigation (T2), 10% higher than the control (T3), 10% less than the control (T4), 20% (T5) and 30% less than the control (T6). The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of different irrigation treatments on leaf area index, tuber dry weight, root yield, biomass, sugar content, sugar yield and water use efficiency on the basis of sugar yield was significant at 1% level. However, their effects on leaf dry weight and water use efficiency on the root yield basis was significant at 5% level. Although there were no significant differences between T2, T3, and T4 treatments in terms of crop vegetative characteristics, root yield, biomass and sugar yield, they increased these characteristics significantly compared to T5 and T6 treatments. Also, the highest water use efficiency on the basis of both root and sugar yield was obtained in T2 and T4 treatments. Therefore, to conserve water in sugar beet production in Lorestan province, decreasing the amount of water up to 10 % at each irrigation during the growing season or cutting off the last irrigation is recommended.
H J; P A; M D; M T
Abstract
Evapotranspiration of orchard crops is often determined by indirect method and based on meteorological data due to the difficulties inherent in direct measurement instruments such as installation of large lysimeters or precision equipment, and long growing seasons of tree crops. Evapotranspiration estimation ...
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Evapotranspiration of orchard crops is often determined by indirect method and based on meteorological data due to the difficulties inherent in direct measurement instruments such as installation of large lysimeters or precision equipment, and long growing seasons of tree crops. Evapotranspiration estimation with sufficient accuracy is not feasible due to spatial variability of meteorological parameters and, sometimes, due to inappropriate distribution of meteorological stations. Therefore, using methods based on remote sensing, which account for these variations, is much more desirable. In this research, evapotranspiration of olive trees at different phonologic stages was measured using direct and indirect methods in Tarom district of Zanjan Province. In the direct method, actual evapotranspiration was determined by measuring moisture balance components, whilst in the indirect one, it was specified with the help of satellite imagery, the SEBAL algorithms, and Penman-Monteith equation. Olive crop coefficient was subsequently calculated and evaluated by determining reference crop evapotranspiration. The results indicated that evapotranspiration calculated by the remote sensing method at different stages of the growth had acceptable conformity with soil moisture balance data and evapotranspiration values obtained from the Penman–Monteith equation (the respective correlation coefficients were 0.95 and 0.88) and both evapotranspiration curves along the growing season had a similar increasing and decreasing trend. Moreover, crop coefficient obtained by the SEBAL algorithm and the water balance methods were well correlated (R2=0.86) and the remote sensing method with the aforementioned advantages can be used in predicting evapotranspiration.
n g; f k
Abstract
More than 90 percent of Iranian pistachio orchards are irrigated using surface methods, thus, changing or improvement of irrigation systems is necessary considering the declining water resources. The present research was carried out to investigation the effect of changing irrigation system from surface ...
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More than 90 percent of Iranian pistachio orchards are irrigated using surface methods, thus, changing or improvement of irrigation systems is necessary considering the declining water resources. The present research was carried out to investigation the effect of changing irrigation system from surface to drip on mature pistachio orchards (cultivar Ahmad Aghaei) in 2013 and 2014 in Zarandiye region of Saveh, Iran. The experiment was performed as factorial in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with irrigation methods (surface and drip irrigation) and years of the experiment implementation as the second level variable, in three replications. Some quantitative and qualitative parameters of pistachio yield as well as growth of annual branch and water use efficiency were measured during the experiment. The results showed that irrigation system change of mature pistachio trees from surface to drip was possible. Irrigation system change was significant in dry yield, number of seed in ounce, percent of blankness, growth of annual branch, leaf area, and the 100 seed weight of pistachio at P ≤ 0.05. In the first year experiment, a reduction in performance and quality of yield was observed in drip irrigation compared to surface irrigation, but, in the second year, enhancing of performance and improvement in quality of pistachio in drip irrigation in comparison to surface irrigation showed adaptability of pistachio trees to change of irrigation system. The 2-year means of dry yield, water consumption, and the amount of water use efficiency in surface and drip methods were obtained at 739 and 927 kg per ha, 6375 and 4110 m3 per ha, and 125 and 190 g of dry yield per m3 of water, respectively. Because of alternative bearing, it is recommended to perform these tests for four successive years, so that the results would be more reliable for recommendation purposes.
p a; m d; r a
Abstract
The effect of soil matric potential on yield and growth parameters of three varieties of cucumber in greenhouse was carried out during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons in Jiroft area. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were comprised ...
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The effect of soil matric potential on yield and growth parameters of three varieties of cucumber in greenhouse was carried out during 2012 and 2013 growing seasons in Jiroft area. The treatments were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three soil matric potentials of 45, 60, and 75 centi-bar for initiation of irrigation in the main plot and sub plot consisted of three cucumber varieties (Negin, Hilarious and Dominos). The results showed that water use in treatments 45, 60, and 75 centi-bar tensions was, respectively, 6300, 5100, and 3900 m3 ha-1, which was 18% less than irrigation based on Class A pan evaporation.. Fruit yield, LAI, plant height, and fruit diameter decreased 2.7%, 2%, 2%, 0.73% and 2.3 percent, respectively, but water use efficiency increased 22 percent. On the other hand, yield in Dominos variety compared to Negin and Hilarious increased 6.2% and 6.4 percent, respectively, and water use efficiency increased 13.2% and 13.7 percent, respectively. According to the results, planting Dominos variety and 60 centi-bar soil matric potential for irrigation initiation is recommended to achieve the highest water use efficiency.
m n; h a; m a; a z
Abstract
Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is one of the important plants belonging to the genusfamily Lamiaceae (Labiatae), which is used as herbs, spices, and as well as freshvegetables. The present study was conducted to investigate the interaction ofdeficit irrigation, soil texture, and fertilization on yield components ...
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Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is one of the important plants belonging to the genusfamily Lamiaceae (Labiatae), which is used as herbs, spices, and as well as freshvegetables. The present study was conducted to investigate the interaction ofdeficit irrigation, soil texture, and fertilization on yield components and vegetativegrowth of basil variety Keshkeniluvelou, using a factorial experiment based onrandomized complete block design (RCBD) with 18 treatments and 3 replications.Deficit irrigation treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation includingI1=100%, I2=75%, and I3=50% of ETc, and soil texture included sandy loam andloamy soil. Also, 3 fertilizer treatments with 100 percent of the recommended rate(including macro- and micronutrients) (F1), 70 percent (F2), and no fertilizer (F3)were applied to each pot. The ANOVA results showed that effect of irrigation wassignificant, soil texture and fertilizer were not significant, and interaction of soiltexture and fertilizer were significant on plant height, leaf area , leaf dry weight,stem dry weight, and fresh weight of basil, respectively. The tallest plant height(31.42cm), leaf area (109.21cm2), leaf dry weight (0.97 gr), stem dry weight(2.24 gr), and fresh weight of leaf (5.12gr) was obtained in S1I1F3 treatment andthe lowest in the S1I3F3 treatment. Also, the highest seed weight per plant(2.41gr), number of seeds per plant (1822.3), thousand seed weight (1.447gr), andseed yield (42.13 gr/m2) were obtained in the treatment having loamy soil texture,full irrigation, and 100% of the recommended fertilizer rate (S2I1F1), whichshowed the effect of fertilizer on improving the yield of basil.
a gh; h d; m kh; m s
Abstract
Limited water and energy resources in the world and the increasing demand for water and energy due to population growth and the development of human societies necessitate investigation of the water and energy consumption in irrigation systems. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, ...
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Limited water and energy resources in the world and the increasing demand for water and energy due to population growth and the development of human societies necessitate investigation of the water and energy consumption in irrigation systems. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, losses, and efficiency of diesel pumping stations and was conducted in Hamadan Province farms during the period 2009 to 2011. Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria was applied to compare the performance of irrigation pumping stations. The results showed that the total efficiency varied from 7.2% to 24.3 percent. The average of total efficiency and wasted energy of a diesel pump was calculated at about 14.7 percent and 4.84 liters per hour, respectively. The results showed that in many farms where sprinkler systems were used, the water applied was lower than crop water requirement. Average water use efficiency in alfalfa fields in the furrow and sprinkler systems was 1.7 and 2.7 kg/m3, respectively. The factors influencing decrease in energy efficiency were worn-out pump or motor, inappropriate implementation foundation for the pump engine, and inappropriate selection of engine for the pump.
H B; A A; A KH
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of irrigation and straw mulch on yield andyield components of bean, a split-plots experiment with randomizedcomplete block design in three replications was conducted in AstanehAshrafiyeh city during 2012. In this study, irrigation managementtreatments including ...
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In order to investigate the effect of irrigation and straw mulch on yield andyield components of bean, a split-plots experiment with randomizedcomplete block design in three replications was conducted in AstanehAshrafiyeh city during 2012. In this study, irrigation managementtreatments including no irrigation, irrigation frequencies of 6, 12, and18days, and different amounts of straw mulch as 0, 1, 2, and 3 cm thicknesswere examined. The results of the analysis of variance revealed thatirrigation management and different levels of mulch had significant effectson seed yield. But, their interaction was not significant on seed yield. Thetrend of variations indicated that the highest seed yield with 2431.3 kg ha-1was associated with irrigation frequency of 6 days. [n response to the maineffects of mulch levels, the highest average seed yield (1585.6 and 1518.4kg ha-1) was obtained in the 2 and 1 cm treatments, respectively. Also,using straw mulch in irrigation conditions prevented severe seed loss incomparison with no mulch condition. The highest water use efficiencywas in irrigation frequency of 18 days with an average of 0.58 kg m-3.Water use efficiency at straw mulch levels of 1 and 2 cm was observed as0.63 and 0.6 kg m-3, respectively.
davod Akbari Nodehi; Aliakbar Azizizohan; Reza Rezaee
Abstract
In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on tomato yield and to determine the production function and water use efficiency, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design in three replications for two years, in Mazandaran province. Irrigation treatments were based on ...
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In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on tomato yield and to determine the production function and water use efficiency, an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design in three replications for two years, in Mazandaran province. Irrigation treatments were based on 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of water requirements. The minimum and maximum yield belonged to I0 and I100 treatments. Water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency in I100 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments. The results showed that the maximum yield of tomato occurred when full water requirement was provided. Therefore, I100 treatment with 5635 m3.ha-1 of water consumption and tomato yield of 45,020 kg.ha-1 was the best treatment and can be recommended to farmers where water resources are not limited. Water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were in the range of 5-9.25 and 9.2-14.6 kg m-3, respectively. The two-year average of yield response factor (Ky) for tomato was 1.18.
Horieh Bozorgan; Mohmmadhossin Mohammadi; Afshin Tavakoli
Abstract
Water uptake by plants in arid and semi-arid regions has been the subject of many investigations. Some concepts such as;" Water Use Efficiency, WUE,", "Available Water ,AW," and "Least Limiting Water Range, LLWR," have been developed to quantify knowledge of water use at field scales. Many ...
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Water uptake by plants in arid and semi-arid regions has been the subject of many investigations. Some concepts such as;" Water Use Efficiency, WUE,", "Available Water ,AW," and "Least Limiting Water Range, LLWR," have been developed to quantify knowledge of water use at field scales. Many studies have been conducted to properly delineate these concepts. In this study, we refine one of the upper limits of LLWR through studying the water uptake pattern by corn (Zea Maize) in nearly saturated soil condition. We used two soils with different textures, namely, sandy loam and clay loam, for growing corn in a greenhouse experiment. Six different matric suctions including -20, -40,-60, -80, -100, and -120 cm, were continually imposed on corn using handmade tensiometers. Daily evapotranspiration, total water consumption, dry matter of shoot, and WUE were measured during 2009-2011. The maximum WUE was obtained at matric suction of -60 cm and -80 cm for sandy loam and clay loam soils, respectively. Further analysis showed that these suction heads corresponded to aeration porosity of 0.04 and 0.06. We suggested that the maximum soil moisture content supplying the max yield, can be considered as the critical aeration porosity. Consequently, we conclude that the suction heads of -60cm and -80 cm for sandy loam and clay loam soils are one of the upper limits of LLWR for corn. These limits may be applied for more appropriate modeling of irrigation schedules at large field scales.
Mohsen Dehghani; Masoud Tadayonnejad; Mohammad Feizy
Abstract
In order to study the effect of irrigation frequency and water quality on yield and yield components of wheat, a study was conducted in Rodasht Agricultural Research Station, for 3 years. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation water quality ...
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In order to study the effect of irrigation frequency and water quality on yield and yield components of wheat, a study was conducted in Rodasht Agricultural Research Station, for 3 years. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation water quality treatments had electrical conductivities (EC) of 4, 8, and12 dSm-1 and were assigned to the main plot. Treatments of irrigation frequency were based on the percentage of management allowable depletion (30%, 50%, and 70%) and were allocated to the sub-plots. Statistical analysis results showed that the effect of irrigation water quality and irrigation frequency on the yield, water use, water use efficiency, weight of 1000 grains, and protein content was significant at the one percent level. The highest yield was produced by 30% management allowable depletion and 4 dSm-1irrigation water EC and reached 14593 kg.ha-1, while the lowest yield belonged to 70% management allowable depletion and 12 dSm-1 irrigation water EC yielding only 7347 kg.ha-1. The highest percentage of protein was related to the same treatment. The highest water use efficiency of 0.99 kg.m-3 belonged to 70% management allowable depletion and 4 dSm-1 irrigation water EC.
Shahram Karimi; Rasoul Asadi; Mohammadeza Mohammadrezakhani
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and position patterns tube to increase water use efficiency of cotton, a field experiment was carried out during 2009 and 2010 growing season at experimental farm of Orzoueyeh Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Kerman province. ...
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In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and position patterns tube to increase water use efficiency of cotton, a field experiment was carried out during 2009 and 2010 growing season at experimental farm of Orzoueyeh Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Kerman province. The treatments were laid out in strip split plot a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three levels of irrigation including 100, 80, 60 percent of crop water requirement in main plot and sub plot consisted of two irrigation systems (surface drip irrigation system (S1), subsurface drip irrigation system (S2)) and two tape position patterns (conventional (L1) and alternative (L2)). The results showed that In comparison with 100 percent of crop water requirement, 80 percent of water requirement caused parsimony of water usage equal 1300 m3 ha-1, and yield, WUE, number of bolls per plant and bolls weight increased 8.5%, 4%, 10% and 2.5% respectively. Also I3 compared with I1 savin about 3400 m3 ha-1 of irrigation water, and increase WUE was 8% but yield loss, number of bolls per plant and bolls weight decreased 18%, 25% and 18% respectively. Considering the results obtained in this study in the light of water saving as the main object in deficit irrigation and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton cultivation in Orzoueyeh, the 80% of crop water requirement on subsurface drip irrigation is preferred.
Masoud Mohammadi; Bijan Ghahreman; Kamran Davari; Majid Vazifehdoost; Hamideh Noori
Abstract
Field studies to determine optimum amount of water required for maximum production are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study the agro-hydrological model SWAP 3.03 was used to simulate winter wheat yield under different qualities and quantities of irrigation water and to determine water-salinity-yield ...
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Field studies to determine optimum amount of water required for maximum production are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, in this study the agro-hydrological model SWAP 3.03 was used to simulate winter wheat yield under different qualities and quantities of irrigation water and to determine water-salinity-yield optimum function. Irrigation treatments consisted of four water salinity levels (S1=0.7, S2=2, S3=4 and S4=6 dS/m), three amounts of water (W1=80, W2=100, and W3=120 mm), and six levels of management allowed depletion (MAD1=0.3, MAD2= 0.4, MAD3= 0.5, MAD4= 0.6, MAD5= 0.7 and MAD6= 0.8). Yield and water use efficiency values were determined in different modes and the best MAD value obtained was 0.5. Yield data were fitted to different forms of production functions (simple linear, logarithmic linear, quadratic and transcendental) and the best one was established based on sensitivity analysis. The maximum grain yield (6619 kg/ha) corresponded to W1S1MAD2 treatment and the minimum yield (2048 kg/ha) corresponded to W1S4 MAD3 treatment. The results showed that the quadratic production function was optimal for production and could be recommended. Investigation of the maximum values of error (ME) showed that the logarithmic linear and simple linear functions had the highest error. In the irrigation treatments, W1S1MAD3 and W1S1MAD4 with 0.61 kg /m3 had the highest water use efficiency. However, water use efficiency decreased when water stress and salinity increased. The iso-yield curve showed that by increasing amounts of irrigation, more saline water could be applied without a change in yield.