Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation and Fertilizer on Water and Nitrogen Productivity in Lettuce

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Dept. of Irrigation & Reclamation Eng., College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.

2 Dept. of Irrigation & Reclamation Eng., College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

Abstract

Lettuce is one of the most important leafy vegetables used primarily for fresh and salad applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on lettuce yield and find the best irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer practices for producing this crop in drip irrigation. Iceberg variety of lettuce was planted in 2018 with three irrigation treatments (I1, I2 and I3 to provide 100%, 80%, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration, ETa, respectively) and four nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, N3, and N4 to provide 105, 70, 35 and zero kg of nitrogen per hectare in total, respectively). In 2019, two irrigation treatments (I1 and I3) and two nitrogen treatments (N1 and N4) were used. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen treatments and their interactions on the marketable yield of lettuce; but the dry matter produced was only affected by irrigation and nitrogen treatments. Maximum marketable yield and dry matter production were 66.1 ton.ha-1 and 2728.2 kg.ha-1 for full irrigation treatment with 105 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (I1N1) treatment, respectively. The minimum marketable yield and dry matter were 37.5 ton.ha-1 and 1929.6 kg.ha-1 for 60% ETa treatment with 35 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (I3N3) treatment, respectively. The maximum and minimum irrigation water productivities for marketable yield were 21.63 and 15.38 kg.m-3 for I2N1 and I3N3 treatments, respectively. The linear and nonlinear production functions of yield-water and yield-nitrogen were obtained for lettuce variety Iceberg, which can be used in similar environmental conditions in research and practical applications.

Keywords

References

  1. آقابیگی، م.، ایمانی، م.، حاجیان فر، ر.، خدادادی، م.، رافضی، ر.، موسوی، ح. ۱۳۹۶. نشریه فنی فناوری تولید کاهوی آیسبرگ و معرفی ارقام تجاری آن. وزارت جهاد کشاورزی ایران.
  2. Abu-Rayyan A., Kharawish B.H., Al-Ismail K. 2004. Nitrate content in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) heads in relation to plant spacing, nitrogen form and irrigation level. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84: 931–936.
  3. Acharya S.K., Shukla Y.R. and Khatik P.C. 2013. Effect of water regime on growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca Satıva L.). The Bioscan. An International Quarterly Journal of Life Science. 8(1): 201-206.
  4. Allen G.R., Pereira S.L., Raes,D. and Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirement. FAO irrigation and drainage paper, NO. 56, Rome, Italy.
  5. Ansari M., Chaichi M. R., Bhandari S. and Raheja A. 2019. Water and Nitrogen use Use Efficiency of Lettuce under Water Stressed Growing Conditions. Canadian Journal of Agriculture and Crops. 4(2): 111-120.
  6. Belligno A., Fisichella G., Tropea M. and Sambuci G. 1996. Effect of different nitrogen fertilizers on nitrate content in lettuce plants. Agrochimica. 40: 85–93.
  7. Boroujerdnia M. & Alemzadeh Ansari N. 2007. Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer and cultivars on growth, yield and yield components of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 1: 47-53.
  8. Bozkurt S. and Mansuroglu G.S. 2011. Lettuce yield responses to different drip irrigation levels under open field condition. Journal of Cell and Plant Sciences. 2(2): 12–18.
  9. Bozkurt S., Mansuroglu G.S., Kara M. and Onder S. 2009. Responses of lettuce to irrigation levels and nitrogen forms. African Journal of Agricultural Research 4(11): 1171-1177.
  10. Bremner J. M., & Keeney D. R. 1965. Steam distillation methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate and nitrite. Analytica Chimica Acta. 32: 485–495.
  11. Capra A., Consoli S., Russo A. and Scicolone B. 2008. Integrated agroeconomic approach to deficit ırrigation on lettuce crops in Sicily (Italy). J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 134: 437-445.
  12. Chala M. and Yohannes K.W. 2015. Effect of irrigation application levels on yield and water productivity of drip irrigated lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Gedio Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 4: 229-234.
  13. Coelho A.F.S., Gomes E.P., Sousa A.P., Gloria M.B.A. 2005. Effect of irrigation level on yield and bioactive amine content of American lettuce. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 85: 1026–1032.
  14. Di Gioia F., Gonnella M., Buono V., Ayala O. and Santamaria P. 2017. Agronomic, physiological and quality response of romaine and red oak-leaf lettuce to nitrogen input. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 12(1).
  15. Dobermann A. 2007. Nutrient use efficiency – measurement and management. In: Fertilizer best management practices. General principles, strategy for their adoption and voluntary initiatives vs regulations. IFA International Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices. Brussels, Belgium. pp. 1-28.
  16. Doerge T.A., Roth R.L. and Gardner B.R. 1991. Nitrogen fertilizer management in Arizona. Univ. Arizona Publ. 191025.
  17. Feigin A., Letey J. and Jarrell W.M. 1982. Nitrogen utilization emciency efficiency by drip irrigated celery receiving preplant or water applied N fertilizer. Agron. J. 74: 978-983.
  18. Francesco D. 2013. Nitrogen use efficiency, yield and quality response of lettuce crop to nitrogen input, in Nitrogen, Environment, and Vegetables Conference. Torino, Italy. pp. 31-41.
  19. Gallardo M., Jackson L.E., Schulbach K., Snyder R.L., Thompson R.B. and Wyland L.J. 1996. Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply. Irr. Sci. 16: 125–137.
  20. Gianino D., Malladi A. and van Iersel M.W. 2015. Water use efficiency of four types of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in response to different drought severities. ASHS 2015 Annual Conference, New Orleans, 4–7 August 2015.
  21. Howell T.A. 2001. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agron. J. 93: 281-289.
  22. Ichi J.O., Ibrahim H., Osunde A.O. and Odofin A.J. 2018. Effect of mulch and irrigation on growth and water use efficiency of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars. International Journal of Applied Biological Research (IJABR) Vol. 9(2): 102 - 119.
  23. Jackson L.E., Stivers L.J., Warden B.T. and Tanji K.K. 1994. Crop nitrogen utilization and soil nitrate loss in a lettuce field. Fert. Res. 37: 93-t05.
  24. Kadayifci A., Tuylu G.İ., Ucar Y. and Cakmak B. 2004. Effects of mulch and irrigation water amounts on lettuce’s yield, evapotranspiration, transpiration and soil evaporation in Isparta location, Turkey. J. Biol. Sci. 4: 751-755.
  25. Karam F., Mounzer O., Sarkis F. and Lahoud R. 2002. Yield and nitrogen recovery of lettuce under different irrigation regimes. J. Appl. Hortic. 4(2): 70-76.
  26. Kırnak H., Demir S., Tas İ. and Çakmaklı M. 2002. Response of different irrigation water applications on yield and growth of lettuce grown in greenhouse. J. Agric. Fac. Harran Uni. 6: 47-54.
  27. Kuslu Y., Dursun A.,  Sahin U., Kiziloglu F.M. and Turan M. 2008. Effect of deficit irrigation on curly lettuce grown under semiarid conditions. Spanish J. Agr. Res. 6: 714-719.
  28. Mahmoudi K.F. 2005. Effects of rates and sources nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate accumulation and yield of lettuce. MSc Thesis. Department of Soil Science. Science and Research Branch. Islamic Azad University. Tehran. Iran.
  29. Mansuroglu G.S., Bozkurt S., Kara M. and Telli S. 2010. The effects of nitrogen forms and rates under different irrigation levels on yield and plant growth of lettuce. Journal of Cell and Plant Sciences. 1(1): 33–40.
  30. Miller R.J., Rolston D.E., Rauschkolb R.S. and Wolve D.W. 1981. Labeled nitrogen uptake by drip-irrigated tomatoes. Agron. J. 73: 265-270.
  31. Mirdad Z.M. 2016. Effect of N Fertigation Rates and Humic Acid on The Productivity of Crisphead Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in Sandy Soil. Journal of Agricultural Science 8(8): 149.
  32. Molina-Montenegro M.A., Zurita-Silva A. and Oses R. 2011. Effect of water availability on physiological performance and lettuce crop yield (Lactuca sativa). Cien. Inv. Agr. 38: 65-74.
  33. Monaghan J.M., Vickers L.H., Grove I.G. and Beacham A.M. 2017. Deficit irrigation reduces postharvest rib pinking in wholehead Iceberg lettuce, but at the expense of head fresh weight. J. Sci. Food Agric. 97: 1524-1528.
  34. Ouzounidou G., Paschalidis C., Petropoulos D., Koriki A., Zamanidis P. and Petridis A. 2013. Interaction of soil moisture and excess of boron and nitrogen on lettuce growth and quality. Hort. Sci. (Prague). 40: 119-125.
  35. Patil T., Singh M., Khanna M., Singh D.K. and Hasan M. 2013. Response of lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) to trickle irrigation under different irrigation intervals, n application rate and crop geometry, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, vol. 68(4): 1-10.
  36. Ramos C., Agut A. and Lidón A.L. 2002. Nitrate leaching in important crops of the Valencian Community region (Spain). Environ. Pollut. 118: 215–223.
  37. Rincon L., Pellicer C., Saez J. 1998. Effect of different nitrogen application rates on yield and nitrate concentration in lettuce crops. Agrochemia. 42: 304-312.
  38. Sahin U., Kuslu Y., Kiziloglu F.M. and Cakmakci T. 2016. Growth, yield, water use and crop quality response of lettuce to different irrigation quantities in a semi-arid region of high altitude. Journal of Applied Horticulture. 18(3): 195-202.
  39. Sammis T. W., Kratky B.A. and Wu I.P. 1988. Effects of Limited Irrigation on Lettuce and Chinese cabbage Yields. Irrig Sci. 9:187-198.
  40. Sammis T.W. 1980. Comparison of sprinkler, trickle, subsurface and furrow irrigation methods for row crops. Agron. J. 725: 701-704.
  41. Sanchez Ch.A. 2000. Response of lettuce to water and nitrogen on sand and the potential for leaching of nitrate-N. HortScience. 35(1): 73-77.
  42. Santosh D.T., Reddy R.G. and Tiwari K.N. 2017. Effect of drip irrigation levels on yield of lettuce under polyhouse and open field condition. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(7): 1210-1220.
  43. Schulbach K. 1988. Crop water use and irrigation efficiency evaluation. Final Report, Monterey County Agricultural Extension Service, Salinas, California.
  44. Şenyiğit U. and Kaplan D. 2013. Impact of different irrigation water levels on yield and some quality parameters of lettuce (lactuca sativa l. var. longifolia cv.) under unheated greenhouse condition. Infrastructure Ecol. Rural Areas. 2: 97-107.
  45. Shahbazi M. 2005. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the yield and nitrate accumulation in the four of lettuce cultivars. MSc Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 99 pp. (in Farsi)
  46. Shahbazie M. 2005. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the yield and nitrate accumulation in the four of lettuce cultivars. MSc Thesis. Islamic Azad University. Tahran. Iran.
  47. Shock C.C. 1998. An Introduction to Drip Irrigation [Online]. Malheur Experiment Station, Oregon Universit. Available: http://www.cropinfo.net/drip.htm.
  48. Simko I., Hayes R.J., Mou B. and McCreight J.D. 2014. Lettuce and spinach. In Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops (Madison, WI, USA: American Society for Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America). P.53–86.
  49. Sorensen J.N., Johansen A.S. and Poulsen N. 1994. Influence of growth and conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce: I. Marketable and nutritional quality as affected by nitrogen supply cultivar and plant age. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46(1): 1-11.
  50. Stark J.C., Jarrell W.M., Letey J. 1983. Evaluation of irrigation-nitrogen management practices for celery using continuous-variable irrigation. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 47: 95-98.
  51. Sylvestre T.D.B., Braos L.B., Batistella Filho F., Cruz M.C.P.D. and Ferreira M.E. 2019. Mineral nitrogen fertilization effects on lettuce crop yield and nitrogen leaching. Sci. Hort. 225: 153-160.
  52. Thompson R.B., Martínez-Gaitán C., Gallardo M., Giménez C. and Fernández M.D. 2007. Identification of irrigation and N management practices that contribute to nitrate leaching loss from an intensive vegetable production system by use of a comprehensive survey. Agric. Water Manag. 89: 261–274.
  53. Thompson T.L. and Doerge T.A. 1996. Nitrogen and water interactions in subsurface trickle-irrigated leaf lettuce I. Plant response. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60:163–168.
  54. Tittonell P.A., de Grazia J., Chiesa A. 2003. Nitrate and dry water concentration in a leafy lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivar as affected by N fertilization and plant population. Agricultura Tropica and Subtropica. 36: 82-87.
  55. Yazgan S., Ayas S., Demirtas C., Büyükcangaz H. and Candogan B.N. 2008. Deficit irrigation effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Olenka) yield in unheated greenhouse condition. J. Food Agr. Environ. 6: 357-361.
  56. Zandvakili O.R., Barker A.V., Hashemi M., Etemadi F., Autio W.R. and Weis S. 2019. Growth and nutrient and nitrate accumulation of lettuce under different regimes of nitrogen fertilization, Journal of Plant Nutrition. 42(14): 1575-1593.
Journal of Water Research in Agriculture
Volume 35, Issue 1
June 2021
Pages 19-34

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics