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Gholamhassan Ranjbar; Farhad Dehghani; Arash AlaEddin; Vali Soltani Gerdfaramarzi; Sardar Keshtkar
Abstract
Lack of fresh water resources has led to production of salt tolerant species. This study was conducted in 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on forage yield, plant height, and shoot ash content of Salicornia bigelovii and native Salicornia ecotypes including Bushehr (S. ...
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Lack of fresh water resources has led to production of salt tolerant species. This study was conducted in 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on forage yield, plant height, and shoot ash content of Salicornia bigelovii and native Salicornia ecotypes including Bushehr (S. sinus persica), Central Plateau, Gorgan and Urmia of S. persica under irrigation with Persian Gulf (60 dS m-1) and groundwater (20 dS m-1), in Bushehr and Yazd conditions, respectively. Results showed that there were significant differences between the species and ecotypes in terms of fresh and dry weight of forage in both conditions. The highest fresh and dry weight of forage were related to Bushehr ecotype in both conditions, but the lowest of these traits were in S. bigelovii in Yazd and in Gorgan and Urmia ecotypes in Bushehr conditions. The amount of fresh forage for Bushehr ecotype were about 9333 and 22940 g m-2 in Bushehr and Yazd, respectively. In general, plant height under seawater irrigation conditions varied from 23.0 cm to 35.5 cm in Bushehr condition, and 56.5-78.0 cm in Yazd condition under saline groundwater. Regardless of species and ecotypes, the average shoot ash content in Bushehr and Yazd conditions were, respectively, 53.83% and 47.76%. Based on the results of the study, Bushehr ecotype could be considered as superior for planting and forage production in the southern coastal strip. In Yazd condition, due to better water quality, all species and ecotypes produced high fodder yield. However, due to high water requirement of Salicornia, its production in arid areas, especially in the central regions of the country, is not recommended.
Majid Alihouri; A T; H D
Abstract
Growing salinity tolerant plants is a suitable way for usage of saline water resources. This research was carried out for identification of salinity tolerant ber rootstocks. The experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement based on randomized complete design in three replications. The ...
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Growing salinity tolerant plants is a suitable way for usage of saline water resources. This research was carried out for identification of salinity tolerant ber rootstocks. The experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement based on randomized complete design in three replications. The treatments were four irrigation water salinities of 0.3, 3, 6, and 9 dS/m and three ber (Ziziphus spp.) species including Ziziphus mauritiana, Ziziphus nummularia, and Ziziphus spina-christi. The results showed that water salinity treatments had significant effect (P< 5%) on plant height, leaf number, leaf chlorophyll, stem diameter and leaf N, Na+ and Ca2+concentrations. There was significant (P< 5%) difference between ber species on plant vegetative attributes and leaf N and Na contents. Futhermore, interaction of water salinity and ber species had significant effect (P< 5%) on plant vegetative characters and leaf N, Na and Ca content. With increasing irrigation water salinity to 9 dS/m, the leaf number and stem diameter had significant decrease, while leaf Na+ concentration increased significantly. When irrigation water salinity increased from 3 dS/m to 6 and 9 dS/m, the plant leaf number decreased by 3.8-8.4% and 25.1-41.3 percent, respectively, while stem diameter was reduced by 1.7-28.1% and 30.0-77.9 percent, respectively. Leaf Na+ concentration increased by 1.67-2.73 and 1.64-3.36 times with increasing irrigation water salinity from 3 dS/m to 6 and 9 dS/m, respectively. Therefore, saline water resources could be used in irrigation of ber seedlings.
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Hassan Ojaghlou; Mohammad Mahdi Jafari; Mohammad BabaAkbari Sari; Farhad Ojaghlou; Farhad Misaghi
Abstract
In this study, water productivity in six vineyards under surface and six under drip irrigation systems was measured in Zanjan Province, then, the effect of modified irrigation schedule to improve water productivity was investigated in two selected vineyards. The average volume of applied irrigation water ...
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In this study, water productivity in six vineyards under surface and six under drip irrigation systems was measured in Zanjan Province, then, the effect of modified irrigation schedule to improve water productivity was investigated in two selected vineyards. The average volume of applied irrigation water in vineyards with surface and drip irrigation systems was 6929 and 5418 m3.ha-1, respectively. Also, the average of water productivity indices, Gross Benefit, and Net Benefit were obtained as 2.9 kg.m-3, 91.5, and 55.4 thousand Rials.m-3 in vineyards with surface system and 3.6 kg.m-3, 112.4, and 59 thousand Rials.m-3 in vineyards with drip system. In terms of water productivity index, drip irrigation was relatively superior to the surface method. In most of the monitored vineyards, the applied irrigation schedule was not in accordance with the net irrigation requirement. The results of the modified irrigation schedule indicated that water productivity could be improved by 24.7%.
A M
Abstract
Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETref) is measured directly (lysimetermethod) or estimated indirectly (mathematical models). In this study, dailyevapotranspiration (ET) was calculated by some mathematical models foralfalfa and was compared with ET data gathered daily from a drainagelysimeter during ...
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Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETref) is measured directly (lysimetermethod) or estimated indirectly (mathematical models). In this study, dailyevapotranspiration (ET) was calculated by some mathematical models foralfalfa and was compared with ET data gathered daily from a drainagelysimeter during six months. To evaluate and select the best model, ETdata values were compared using statistical criteria including R2, NRMSE,MAE, MBE, and d. Results showed that the best models in the daily timeframewere: Hargreaves-Samani (HS), Jensen-Haise (JH) and Turc. Forthe HS model, values of NRMSE and d were 0.126 and 0.930, and MAEwas 0.477 (mm.d-1), respectively. The best models for monthly time-framewere HS, American Society of Civil Engineering-Penman-Monteith(ASCE-PM), and Turc. Generally, HS model had the highest R2 values of0.985, 0.998 and 0.998 for daily and monthly periods, respectively, andASCE-PM had the lowest MBE compared to lysimeter data. To estimatetotal ET during the alfalfa growth period in the Shahrekord plain, resultsshowed that, models have over-estimated, except Turc and Priestley –Taylor models. ASCE-PM had the nearest ET (1161.7 mm) to lysimeterdata (1157.6 mm). In the national document of irrigation, the alfalfairrigation water requirement was reported at 649 mm (in the correspondingperiod), which is much less than the value measured.
sh zangoui; h emami; a astaraei; a y
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid region such as Iran. By application of super absorbent, rain water can be saved in this region, thereby improving soil physical conditions and, consequently, reducing water stresses for plants. This research ...
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Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid region such as Iran. By application of super absorbent, rain water can be saved in this region, thereby improving soil physical conditions and, consequently, reducing water stresses for plants. This research was performed as a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and 3 replications to evaluate the effects of stockosorb super absorbent and irrigation on atriplex growth and some soil physical properties. The treatments included 5 levels of super absorbent (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % w/w) and 3 irrigation intervals (daily, every 3 days, and every 5 days). The results showed that application of super absorbent had positive and significant effect on plant indices including height, wet and dry weight of shoots, wet and dry weight of roots, and root length (p<0.05). All indices had the highest values in the treatment consisting of 0.4% super absorbent and 3-days irrigation interval. In addition, application of super absorbent resulted in improved soil physical properties, so that due to super absorbent application, saturated and plant available water contents increased, but bulk density and electrical conductivity decreased significantly at p<0.05. Considering the results of this study and the limited water supply for plants in arid and semi-arid regions, application of 0.3% super absorbent in combination with 3-days irrigation interval can be recommended as a successful method to retain moisture and to increase atriplex growth.
s h; m kh; m m
Abstract
Considering water resources deficiency, optimum use of water is very important and has led to recognition of the significance of water productivity. This study was carried out for evaluation of three irrigation systems including surface, subsurface tape drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation for ...
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Considering water resources deficiency, optimum use of water is very important and has led to recognition of the significance of water productivity. This study was carried out for evaluation of three irrigation systems including surface, subsurface tape drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation for corn. The experiment was conducted in 2007, 2008, and 2009 at Irstea Research Institute located in Montpellier (southeastern France). Five experimental treatments included surface drip irrigation (full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation (DI)), subsurface drip irrigation with lateral spacing of 120 and 160 cm, and sprinkler irrigation. For treatments evaluation, different productivity indices i.e. WP, BPD, NBPD, and B/C were used. Results showed that in 2007 FI was more economical than DI and sprinkler irrigation, and had more net benefit. Grain yield from 13800 kg/ha in sprinkler irrigation increased to 16400 and 17400 kg/ha in DI and FI, respectively. In 2008, subsurface irrigation treatment was better than sprinkler irrigation according to above indices. In 2009, water productivity of subsurface drip irrigation was more than sprinkler irrigation, but none of treatments had net benefit. In 2008 and 2009, water used in subsurface drip irrigation decreased at least 16% and grain yield increased at least 18% as compared with sprinkler irrigation. Considering different conditions, such as water resources of Iran, use of subsurface drip irrigation system for row crops such as corn is recommended.
Bahare Bahman abadi; Abbas Kaviani; peyman daneshkar; Rasta Nazari
Abstract
Reference Evapotranspiration is a complex and multivariate phenomenon that depends on several factors and the most accurate way to estimate is lysimeter, though it is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to estimate actual evapotranspiration based on single-source ...
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Reference Evapotranspiration is a complex and multivariate phenomenon that depends on several factors and the most accurate way to estimate is lysimeter, though it is costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to estimate actual evapotranspiration based on single-source energy balance, i.e. SEBAL and SSEB, and two-source energy balance algorithm, i.e. TSEB, in three sensors MODIS, ETM+ and OLI & TIRS in three steps. In evapotranspiration estimating by SEBAL, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index and the correction factor for soil effects (L) are particularly important. For this purpose, this index was used as calibration coefficient that is selected based on percentage of vegetation coverage. According to the results, the actual evapotranspiration with L calibrated (L=0/5) had lower error in each of the three sensors (RMSE=1/76, 0/84, and 1/49 mm/day). For verification of calibration results, 30% of the remaining lysimeter data was used. The results of the statistical indices showed significant difference between the predicted data at the 95% level and also in the predictions. Finally, by comparing the three algorithms in the three sensors i.e. MODIS, ETM +, and OLI & TIRS, SSEB algorithm in ETM + sensor was introduced as the best algorithm in Qazvin plain area, at 95% significance level and RMSE of 0/41 mm/day.
Mehri Saeedinia; Seyed Hamzeh Hosseinian; Farhad Beiranvand; Ali Heydar Nasrollahi
Abstract
Considering the great value of water, irrigation scheduling, and cultivation of medicinal plants, this research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, with the aim of scheduling irrigation of summer savory using CWSI and applying different levels of water stress under the condition ...
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Considering the great value of water, irrigation scheduling, and cultivation of medicinal plants, this research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, with the aim of scheduling irrigation of summer savory using CWSI and applying different levels of water stress under the condition of pot planting. In this research, seeds of summer savory were cultivated with three replications under four irrigation treatments of 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of readily available water (RAW) (IR100, IR80, IR60 and IR40). Irrigation of the control treatment (IR100) was carried out when all the soil RAW was depleted. Irrigation of the other three treatments was carried out at the same time but with, respectively, 80%, 60%, and 40 percent of the volume applied to IR100. The canopy cover temperature in IR100 and air temperature (dry and wet) were measured on the day after (8-14 o’clock) and before irrigation (12-15 o’clock) in order to construct the lower and upper limits base lines required to calculate CWSI. According to the result, the upper base line equation is (𝑇𝑐-𝑇𝑎) UL = 0.69, and the lower base line is (𝑇𝑐-𝑇𝑎) LL = 0.2787 - 0.1134 (VPD). Result showed that the effect of water stress on yield was significant. The highest yield was observed in IR100 (1.756 g / plant) and the lowest yield was observed in IR40 (1.421 g / plant). The crop water stress index (CWSI) of the four treatments in the day before irrigation was 0.19, 0.21, 0.28, and 0.46, respectively. According to this information, the permissible CWSI index for irrigation scheduling of summer savory growing in pots was 0.19. The result of means comparison indicated that differences between IR100 and IR80 in values of CWSI and canopy cover temperature were not significant, but they were significant between IR100, IR60 and IR40. The increment of CWSI in IR80, IR60 and IR40 were 10%, 47%, and 142 percent relative to the IR100. In this research, a strong correlation (r= -0.978*) was obtained between CWSI and stomatal conductance.
Abbas Khashei Siuki; Ali Shahidi; mehdi dastourani; Hamid Reza Fallahi; fatemeh Shirzadi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of soil amendments, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer, on the quantity and quality of sesame yield under drought stress, a factorial experiment was performed in randomized complete block design with three replications, at Research Field of College of Agriculture, University ...
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In order to investigate the effect of soil amendments, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer, on the quantity and quality of sesame yield under drought stress, a factorial experiment was performed in randomized complete block design with three replications, at Research Field of College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, in 2017-2018. Treatments included irrigation at two levels of 50% and 100% water requirement and amendment materials at 6 levels of Z0, Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 and Z5. (Z0= Control, Z1=adsorbent polymer (125 kg / ha), Z2 = 11.2 ton/ hect of zeolite and Z3 =6.2 ton/hect of zeolite, Z4= zeolite 11.2 ton / hect of zeolite + 125 kg / hect of adsorbent polymer, Z5 =6.2 ton/ hect of zeolite + 125 kg /hect/ of adsorbent polymer) In this study, 1000-grain weight, percentage of crude grain oil, crude protein of grain, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency were investigated. The results showed that 1000-grain weight, oil percentage, grain protein, plant height, and sesame grain yield were affected by different levels of irrigation and amendments at 1% probability level. Also, harvest index and water use efficiency were affected by different levels of amendments at 1% probability level. Oil percentage, grain yield and harvest index were affected by interaction effects of irrigation levels and amendments at 1% probability level. The highest grain weight, percentage of crude grain oil, crude protein of grain, plant height, grain yield, harvest index, and water use efficiency were observed in Z4 treatment. The results showed that the change in irrigation level from 100% to 50% significantly reduced yield. The highest amount of 1000-grain weight in different levels of amendments was 4.12 g in Z4 and the lowest was 2.89 g. in Z0 treatments Also, the highest amount of crude grain oil in irrigation and different levels of amendments was 56.8% and 40.5%, respectively. The highest and the lowest amount of crude protein in response to different levels of amendments were 15.7% and 13.1%, respectively. The results showed that drought stress had a negative effect on plant growth, but the use of zeolite and superabsorbent polymer partially offset this effect.
5
Somayeh Sadr
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to investigate the quality of groundwater for agricultural use in the northern and central parts of Kerman Province. In this study, there were 534 water samples from 8 counties (Kerman, Zarand, Bam, Bardsir, Jiroft, Baft, Faryab, and Rafsanjan), which were collected ...
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This research was conducted in order to investigate the quality of groundwater for agricultural use in the northern and central parts of Kerman Province. In this study, there were 534 water samples from 8 counties (Kerman, Zarand, Bam, Bardsir, Jiroft, Baft, Faryab, and Rafsanjan), which were collected from different sources, and concentration of Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, SO4-2, and HCO3-2 was determined. Also, indicators such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Salinity Potential (PS), Magnesium Hazard (MH), Water Hardness (TH), percentage of sodium soluble in water (SSP) were determined and evaluated. After determining the quality characteristics of water, the results were compared and interpreted with water standards for agriculture. AqQA software was used to draw graphs to investigate and compare water characteristics. Based on the results, more than 37% of the studied resources were classified as unsuitable (salinity above 2 dS/m) in terms of salinity. Zarand and Rafsanjan counties had unfavorable conditions in terms of groundwater quality indicators, with EC, SAR, PS, TH, SSP and MH in critical conditions in one or both counties, but, in terms of agricultural water standards, the other sites had good quality water. The combined type of underground water in all areas was Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl: while in the northern parts of the province, such as Rafsanjan, Zarand, Bardsir, as well as Bam and Kerman, the predominant anion of water was chlorine, in Faryab, Baft and Jiroft, the status of the predominant anions was slightly sulfate. In most of the counties, Na+>Mg+2>Ca+2 were the dominant anions of chlorine-waters, and little bicarbonate was observed. Also, the dominant water in all areas were Na-Cl and Mg-Cl . Therefore, it is necessary to manage water properly and plant crops suitable for the chemical conditions of waters.
Z SAADATI; NADER PIRMORADIAN; E AMIRI; M REZARI
Abstract
In order to increase water productivity, a good understanding of crop response to water stress and tools which simplify the complex crop response to various environmental factors, especially to water, are needed.Simulation models that clarify the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools for improving ...
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In order to increase water productivity, a good understanding of crop response to water stress and tools which simplify the complex crop response to various environmental factors, especially to water, are needed.Simulation models that clarify the effects of water on crop yield are useful tools for improving farm level water management and optimizing water productivity. In this study, the WOFOST model was used to simulate two local rice varieties yield response under five irrigation treatments consisting of continuous flooding and irrigation at 0, 3, 6 and 9 days after disappearance of water from the soil surface. The experiment was conducted at Rasht region during two growing seasons of 2003 and 2004. The model was calibrated using the first year data and was validated using the second year data set. According to the results, the relative root mean square errors of grain yield simulation were 12.57% and 5.01% for Binam and Hasani cultivars in 2003, respectively. These values were 7.94% and 13.71% in 2004, respectively. The values of the observed and simulated water productivity based on precipitation and consumed water were close together. The results showed that the WOFOST model could simulate the effect of water on rice yield and water productivity in a humid region. Therefore, this model can be used to explore optimum management options to improve rice water productivity.
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water applied in tape drip irrigation on yield, seed yield components, oil yield, seed oil percent, and seed water use efficiency (WUE) of two canola varieties in Behbahan Agriculture Research Station in 2009 and 2010 ...
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This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water applied in tape drip irrigation on yield, seed yield components, oil yield, seed oil percent, and seed water use efficiency (WUE) of two canola varieties in Behbahan Agriculture Research Station in 2009 and 2010 seasons. The experiment was performed in split plots as a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The main factor was the different levels of irrigation water (50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of water requirement) in tape drip irrigation and the sub factors were two canola varieties including hybrid Hyola 401 and RGS003. The results showed that the effect of different irrigation water amounts on seed yield and its components and the seed WUE was statistically significant at 1% level. The effect of canola variety on seed yield, seed thousand weight, the number of seed in capsule and seed WUE was significant at 1% level and the best variety was hybrid Hyola 401. The highest seed yield was found for the treatments 125% water requirement (3161 kg/ha) and 100% water requirement (3053 Kg/ha), respectively. However, the treatment of 100% water requirement was the best treatment as it consumed less water. The WUE in the best treatment i.e. canola hybrid Hyola 401 with 100% water requirement, was 0.81 kg/m3.
7
Saber Jamali; Hossein Ansari; Abbas Safarizadeh Sani
Abstract
To investigate the interaction of magnetic water and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of marigold, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2019, using pot ...
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To investigate the interaction of magnetic water and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of marigold, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2019, using pot culture with 3 replications. Treatments included 4 irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of field capacity) and 2 types of water (normal water and magnetic water). The results showed that different levels of irrigation on all traits (except physical water productivity which was significant at a 5% level) were significant (P <0.01). Effects of magnetic water on the dry weight of lateral branches and flowers, number of flowers and physical water productivity were significant (at P <0.01); and on the dry weight of flowering stems and leaves, number of leaves and lateral branches were also significant (at P <0.05). The interaction effect of the studied treatments was significant (P <0.01) on the number of leaves; and on the dry weight of roots, flowers, and flowering stems (P <0.05). The highest dry weights of leaves and flowering stems, number of flowers, number of leaves and lateral branches, height and physical water productivity were in irrigation with 100% field capacity and were, respectively, 1.77 and 0.37 g/plant, 7 and 6, 18.4 cm and 0.186 kg/m3. Also, reducing irrigation water by 15%, 30%, and 45% reduced the number of flowers by 25.7%, 32.8%, and 54.3%; and the physical water productivity by 18.8%, 21.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. The highest dry weight of flowers, roots, and lateral branches were observed in magnetic water + irrigation with 100% field capacity, as 0.29, 0.5, and 0.74 g/plant, respectively. The results showed that using a magnetic field increased flower yield and water productivity of Marigold plants under water stress. In this study, the best treatment was 0.6 teslas magnetized water+ 100%FC. However, to apply these stresses at the field level, more research is needed.
T H; M KH; M Z; A GH
Abstract
Crop models are suitable for simulation of crop yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCrop model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and ...
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Crop models are suitable for simulation of crop yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCrop model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The model was calibrated by experimental data of 2011 and validated with data of 2012. The experiment included three irrigation levels of 100%, 75% and 55% water requirement and three salinity levels of 0.7, 5 and 10 dS/m. Statistical indices of the results of validated model including RMSE, E, and d for grain yield were 0.225 ton/ha, 0.88 and 0.97, respectively, and for biomass, they were 0.718 ton/ha, 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. Results showed that grain yield decreased with decrease in the amount of irrigation water and increase in salinity level. Further analysis showed that the sensitivity of AquaCrop model to the canopy decline coefficient (CDC) was more than the other parameters at senescence and maximum canopy cover stages.
a gh; h d; m kh; m s
Abstract
Limited water and energy resources in the world and the increasing demand for water and energy due to population growth and the development of human societies necessitate investigation of the water and energy consumption in irrigation systems. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, ...
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Limited water and energy resources in the world and the increasing demand for water and energy due to population growth and the development of human societies necessitate investigation of the water and energy consumption in irrigation systems. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, losses, and efficiency of diesel pumping stations and was conducted in Hamadan Province farms during the period 2009 to 2011. Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria was applied to compare the performance of irrigation pumping stations. The results showed that the total efficiency varied from 7.2% to 24.3 percent. The average of total efficiency and wasted energy of a diesel pump was calculated at about 14.7 percent and 4.84 liters per hour, respectively. The results showed that in many farms where sprinkler systems were used, the water applied was lower than crop water requirement. Average water use efficiency in alfalfa fields in the furrow and sprinkler systems was 1.7 and 2.7 kg/m3, respectively. The factors influencing decrease in energy efficiency were worn-out pump or motor, inappropriate implementation foundation for the pump engine, and inappropriate selection of engine for the pump.
h e; a a
Abstract
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of drought on germination, growth, and fruit yield of okra in laboratory and field. Laboratory experiment was conducted as a two-factor factorial in agricultural laboratory of Khuzestan Payame Noor University based on completely randomized design in ...
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This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of drought on germination, growth, and fruit yield of okra in laboratory and field. Laboratory experiment was conducted as a two-factor factorial in agricultural laboratory of Khuzestan Payame Noor University based on completely randomized design in three replications. The first factor was seed priming (including control and seed priming with water and KNO3) and the second factor was drought stress (matric potentials of -0.3, -0.6, -0.9 and -1.2 MPa). Results indicated that the highest germination percentage was observed under no-stress and hydro priming conditions. Seed germination was decreased with increase in stress, where in control treatment i.e. without hydro priming, increasing drought stress from the first to third level resulted in 72.3 percent reduction in germination percentage. Hydro priming improved seed germination under drought stress and no-stress conditions. The field experiment was carried out during 2015-16 growing season based on RCBD in three replications. The irrigation intervals treatment was based on 70, 100, 130 and 160 mm evaporation from pan. İncreasing irrigation intervals reduced dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, plant height, friut number per plant, and biological and fruit yield of okra. Increasing irrigation interval from the firt level to the second, third, and fourth levels decreased fruit yield up to 9%, 26%, and 31 percent, respectively. Therefore, for optimum yied, okra should experience no drought stress during growth and friut formation. Thus, irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from evaporation pan can be advisable as an irrigation interval for okra. However, since friut yield reduction in the second level of irrigation interval was not considerable and considering economic issues, it may be possible to suggest this irrigation inerval, but it requires more research work.
7
Hossein Beyrami; Mohammad Hassan Rahimian; Farhad Dehghany
Abstract
Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water ...
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Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water requirements of salicornia under lysimetric conditions in a factorial experiment with completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were two species of salicornia (Salicornia bigelovii and Salicornia persica) and two levels of irrigation water salinities (8 and 25 dS.m-1) in three replications. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa), reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and crop coefficients (Kc) of salicornia species were determined at three main salicornia growth stages. The results showed that increase in irrigation water salinity from 8 to 25 dS.m-1caused significant changes in yield (biomass and seed yield) of the two salicornia species at the 1-percent probability level. Moreover, the amount of irrigation water consumption in different treatments and replications varied from 28 to 33 thousand cubic meters per hectare. For the salinity level of 8 dS.m-1, the Kc values at the beginning, middle, and end of growing season of bigelovii specie were obtained as 1.18, 1.55, and 1.42, respectively, while for the salinity level of 25 dS.m-1, these values were 1.06, 1.37, and 1.26, respectively. For persica specie, the Kc values of the beginning, middle, and end of the growing season were 1.37, 1.58, and 1.10 (for salinity level of 8 dS.m-1) and 1.15, 1.38 and 1.27 (for salinity level of 25 dS.m-1), respectively. In addition, water use efficiencies of salicornia varied from 0.21 to 0.38 kg.m-3 at different treatments and species.
7
Fahimeh Karimpour; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; Vahid Akbarpour
Abstract
Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant ...
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Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant plants. One of these methods may be magnetizing irrigation water. In the present study, to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the fresh and dry weight, as well as the essential oil of the medicinal plant Maryam Goli (Salvia L.), a pot experiment was conducted in an open space using a factorial design and completely randomized layout with four replications. The experimental treatments included salinity of irrigation water prepared from different concentrations of Caspian Sea water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% mixing with well water) and a control treatment (well water), in both magnetic and non-magnetic conditions. Due to rainfall during the growth season, at the end of the experiment, the saturation extract salinity (EC) of the soil corresponding to the control treatment and the 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% water mixtures were 3.15 (I0), 3.65 (I1), 4.55 (I2), 4.75 (I3), and 5.06 (I4) dS/m, respectively. The results showed that, in the I4 treatment, both the dry and fresh weights of the plant decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively. However, regarding the effect of magnetized water, the results indicated that in saline treatments with soil EC less than 3.65 dS/m (I0 and I1), use of magnetized water prevented a significant decrease in the weight of Maryam Goli plant shoots. Furthermore, the research results demonstrated non-significant changes in the essential oil of Maryam Goli plant due to irrigation with different salinities as well as magnetic water. Based on the results, it is recommended that irrigation management of Maryam Goli plants using magnetized saline water be carried out in such a way that the saturation extract salinity of the soil does not exceed 3.65 dS/m during the growing season.
zahra bagheri khalili; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mojtaba khoshravesh; jamal abbas palangi
Abstract
Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ...
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Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. In this research, the effect of variables pH (4, 6, and 8), flow rate (8, 11, and 16 mL/min), bed height (40, 50, and 60 cm), and column diameter (45, 57, and 67 mm) were investigated on nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by modified zeolites column. The BET analysis was used to determine the specific surface and diameter of the pores. Structure and morphology of zeolite was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For modification of zeolite levels, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution with concentration of 25 mM was used. The agricultural drainage water with concentration of 80 mg L-1 nitrate was artificially prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate salt in distilled water in the laboratory. The result of the analysis showed that the zeolite sample was from the clinoptilolite type, with specific surface area and mean pore diameter of 11.984 m2g-1 and 15.295 nm, respectively. The results also showed that changes in pH, flow rate, bed height, and column diameter on different indexes of breakthrough curve were significant at 5% level. The maximum adsorption rate occurred at pH=6, while the maximum adsorption efficiency (65.24%) occurred at pH= 8. The reduction of the flow rate caused increase in nitrate removal efficiency, but the highest amount of adsorption (0.2 mg g-1) occurred at a flow rate of 11 mL/min. The highest amount of absorption and removal efficiency occurred at the bed height and column diameter of 60 cm and 67 mm, respectively.
Jalil kermannezhad; Elham Ghanbari
Abstract
One of the most important design factors in using subsurface drip irrigation method is determining the moisture distribution for the soil texture and the characteristics of drippers. In this study, the distribution of moisture and salinity in a heavy textured soil (silty-clay) was investigated under ...
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One of the most important design factors in using subsurface drip irrigation method is determining the moisture distribution for the soil texture and the characteristics of drippers. In this study, the distribution of moisture and salinity in a heavy textured soil (silty-clay) was investigated under subsurface drip irrigation of a sugar can plantation. The results were used to determine the best installation depth for drip pipe and distance of drippers on it in two-row cane crop cultivation. The experiments were carried out at a discharge rate of 1.2 liters per hour, three depths of drip pipe (15, 20, 30 cm), and two drippers spacing (50 and 60 cm), in three replicates. The soil moisture content was between the field capacity and the permanent wilting point, with maximum moisture advance of 60 cm horizontal and 90 cm vertical from drip pipe in all treatments. During the investigation period, soil salinity in the 0-30 cm layer was increasing, while at depths of 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm, a decreasing rate was observed. Generally, soil salinity increased with distance from drip pipe. The highest soil salinity in the different (13 dS/m) treatments was related to dripper spacing of 50 cm and at a point with a horizontal distance of 60 cm from the drip pipe at a depth of 15 cm. Also, to estimate the amount of soil moisture, some relations between distance from the pipe and moisture content were developed in two directions i.e. horizontal and vertical. It was shown that these relations have acceptable results in horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, the best depth of installation of the drip pipe and its drippers spacing were obtained as 20 cm and 50 cm, respectively, by considering the expansion of the wetted bulb and the development of salinity in the soil.
y h; h b; b kh
Abstract
Various mathematical models are available for estimating the response of plants to combined drought and salinity stress and the share of each component in water uptake. The reduction functions are classified as additive, multiplicative, and conceptual models. In this study, 5 different macroscopic reduction ...
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Various mathematical models are available for estimating the response of plants to combined drought and salinity stress and the share of each component in water uptake. The reduction functions are classified as additive, multiplicative, and conceptual models. In this study, 5 different macroscopic reduction functions, namely, Van Genuchten (additive and multiplicative), Dirksen et al., Van Dam et al, and Homaee, were evaluated in greenhouse conditions using pepper data. This experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 3 replicates and 3 levels of salinity (2.5, 4.5, and 6.5 dS/m). Drought levels were carried out as matric potential during the experiment at 3 levels (50%, 60%, and 70% of field capacity). The results of this study indicated that the crop response to drought and salinity stress was additive at low salinity level (2.5 dS/m) and multiplicative at 4.5 and 6.5 dS/m salinity levels. Also, reduction function of Van Genuchten (average RMSE=3%, ME=0.15) had the best fit at low salinity level (2.5 dS/m). Among the multiplicative models, reduction functions of Dirksen model at 4.5 dS/m with average RMSE=5% and ME=0.09 was in better fit to the measured data than the other functions.Homaee (average RMSE=9%, ME=0.12) and Vandam models (average RMSE=9%, ME=0.11) at higher salinity level (6.5 ds/m) were in better fit to the measured data than the other functions.
m y; Mohsen Ahmadee; s b; a h
Abstract
Climate change has important impacts on most of the natural processes, including hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration, as a part of hydrological cycle, will also undergo these changes. Due to the importance of evapotranspiration in water resources and agricultural management, this research was ...
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Climate change has important impacts on most of the natural processes, including hydrological cycle. Evapotranspiration, as a part of hydrological cycle, will also undergo these changes. Due to the importance of evapotranspiration in water resources and agricultural management, this research was conducted to study climate change effect on evapotranspiration in Neyshabour plain. Evapotranspiration was calculated for five farms in Neyshabour plain using SWAP software and meteorological and agronomic data. In irrigated farms, the HADCM3, ECHAM5OM and CGCM3T47models were used to calculate crop actual evapotranspiration for 2020-2039 and 2080-2099 periods based on A2, B1 and A1B scenarios and the climate model used in rainfed farms was the HADCM3 based on A2 and B1 scenarios. The greatest calculated difference in evapotranspiration was found between the period 2080-2099 and base period (1992-2011) in the A2 scenario. Also, evapotranspiration values for the period 2080-2099 will increase compared to the period 2020-2039 in all three scenarios. Among the crops of investigate, wheat will have the greatest changes (12%) in evapotranspiration in the future periods compared to the base period, while changes of maize will be only 3%. However, the average daily evapotranspiration of maize during the growing season (about 12 mm/day) will be more than the other crops.
Hossein Mirzaei-Takhtgahi; Hooshang Ghamarnia; Milad farmanifard
Abstract
In this research, the effect of vemicompost on yield and yield components of tomato and okra was investigated under irrigation with contaminated water. The experiment included two treatments using vermicompost and control with three replications; and it was conducted at the Campus of Agriculture and ...
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In this research, the effect of vemicompost on yield and yield components of tomato and okra was investigated under irrigation with contaminated water. The experiment included two treatments using vermicompost and control with three replications; and it was conducted at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. Vermicompost was applied at 25 ton per hectare in two stages: 10 t/ha at the crop cultivation period, and 15 t/ha one month after cultivating. The effect of vermicompost growth indexes including plant height, stem diameter, fruit diameter and weight, chlorophyll index, stem and leaf dry matter percentage and yield were investigated. The comparison of the average yield of tomato and okra showed that only fruit weight of tomatoes was statistically significantly different, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatments in other characteristics. In tomatoes treated with vermicompost, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, stem and leaves dry matter percentage were increased by 2.3%, 0.3%, 7.3%, 5.6% and 9.1 percent and fruit diameter, fruit weight and yield were decreased 25.5%, 42.6% and 73.2 percent, respectively compared with the control. Also, in okra under application of vermicompost, plant height, stem diameter, fruit diameter, fruit weight, chlorophyll index and yield were increased by 10.3%, 1.2%, 10.4%, 13.3%, 3% and 35.7%, while stem and leaves dry matter percentages were increased by 5.5% and 11.7%, respectively, compared with the control. Considering the significant reduction in tomato fruit weight and reduction of its fruit diameter and yield, as well as reduction of stem and leaves dry matter in okra, and in light of the high risk of using contaminated water and possible contamination of the fruit and reduction of its quality and health, the use of vermicompost for these crops under irrigation with contaminated water is not recommended. In general, the use of contaminated water is unacceptable for human and animal foods.
m d; m j; h t
Abstract
Due to limited water resources, applying efficient water use in agriculture is very important. This experiment was carried out in Kabootarabad agricultural research station for two years using split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Six irrigation treatments based on ...
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Due to limited water resources, applying efficient water use in agriculture is very important. This experiment was carried out in Kabootarabad agricultural research station for two years using split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Six irrigation treatments based on evaporation from class A pan were applied as the main factor at three cotton growing stages, namely, four-leaf stage to early flowering, early flowering to early boll opening, early boll opening to the end of growing season. Besides, two cotton cultivars, namely, B557 and Tabladyla, were studied as the secondary factor. Results showed that irrigation regimes had a significant impact on the performance in the first harvest, total yield, and ten-boll weights, but no effect was observed on the boll number per plant and the number of green plants. Irrigation based on cumulative pan evaporation of 150 mm at the four-leaf stage to early flowering, irrigation after 70 mm cumulative evaporation during early flowering and early boll opening, and irrigation after 110 mm cumulative evaporation in early boll opening to the end of the growing season produced the highest cotton yield with 5113.3 kg/ha. Results showed that the effects of cultivar on yield and its components were not significantly different and B557 and Tabladyla both can be recommended.
hossin babazadeh; Ali Abdzad Gohari; Arash Khonok
Abstract
Proper and efficient use of water and fertilizers, in addition to increasing productivity, increase crop yield. In order to study the effects of drip irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield of peanut, an experimen was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province, in 2012 and ...
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Proper and efficient use of water and fertilizers, in addition to increasing productivity, increase crop yield. In order to study the effects of drip irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield of peanut, an experimen was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province, in 2012 and 2013 using split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot included water treatments consisting of no irrigation and application of 60%, 80%, and 100 percent water requirement. Sub plots included nitrogen fertilizer levels i.e. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg.ha-1. The results showed that pod yield were similar in treatments of %80 and 100 percent crop water requirement corresponding to 2385 and 2452 kg.ha-1 in 2012. In 2013, the yields were, respectively, 2383 and 2448 kg.ha-1. The highest pod yield was obtained in 60 kg.N.ha-1 treatment in 2012 and 2013, amounting to, respectively, 2351 and 2667 kg.ha-1. Seed yields in 2012 and 2013 were obtained in 100 percent crop water requirement, with 1885 and 1877 kg.ha-1, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to the treatment without irrigation. In the fertilizer treatments, the average yield of 60 kg N.ha-1 in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 1829 and 2012 kg.ha-1. In water treatments, water productivity based on biomass yield varied between 1.03 and 1.68 kg.m-3 and, based on pod yield, it was observed between 0.37 and 0.63 kg.m-3, in 2012 and 2013. The water productivity values of seed yield in the 100% water requirement in the crop years 2012 and 2013 were 0.28 and 0.40 kg.m-3, respectively. Therefore, considering the results of yield and water productivity, management practice of 100% water requirement and 60 kg.N.ha-1 is the most appropriate method for peanut cultivation in the study area.