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Khashayar Peyghan; Reza Valipour; Saeed Boromandnasab; Mohammad Albaji; Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
Abstract
Due to the increasing growth of population and changes in lifestyle, the pressure on water and soil resources has increased, thus, proper management of these resources has vital importance. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effects of furrow, surface, and subsurface ...
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Due to the increasing growth of population and changes in lifestyle, the pressure on water and soil resources has increased, thus, proper management of these resources has vital importance. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating and comparing the effects of furrow, surface, and subsurface drip irrigation on water productivity, yield, and yield components of spinach in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions of Ahvaz. For this purpose, an experiment in the form of randomized complete blocks with three treatments of irrigation methods including furrow irrigation (FI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) was done in three replications in the research farm of the Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, in 2021. According to the results, the amount of irrigation water used in the FI treatment was 1066 m3/ha and in the SDI and SSDI it was 787 m3/ha, which showed a decrease of 26.17%. In FI, SDI, and SSDI, the average yield of spinach plant (total fresh weight of leaves and stems) was equal to 23.56, 30.17 and 19.28 g and irrigation water productivity was 0.353, 0.613 and 0.392 kg/m3, respectively. In both yield and irrigation water productivity, the SDI treatment had a significant advantage at 5% level compared to the other two treatments. The effects of irrigation treatment on the characteristics of root length, stem length, total length, number of leaves, number of fresh leaves, leaf chlorophyll content and harvest index were not significant. Generally, considering water productivity as criterion, surface drip irrigation is more suitable than furrow irrigation for spinach cultivation.
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ali mokhtaran; abdolali gilani; sami Jalali; Leila Behbahani; mojtaba Rezaei; Kobra Tajaddodi Talab
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important summer crops in Khuzestan Province. Due to the severe water limitation, the effect of using strip drip system in the method of direct seeded rice in dry bed was monitored on the yield of common rice cultivars of the province and changes in soil salinity. This research ...
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Rice is one of the most important summer crops in Khuzestan Province. Due to the severe water limitation, the effect of using strip drip system in the method of direct seeded rice in dry bed was monitored on the yield of common rice cultivars of the province and changes in soil salinity. This research was conducted during 2019-20 and 2020-21, at the Ahvaz Agricultural Research Station on three adjacent plots of land, using split-plot design and randomized complete blocks in three replications. The main factor was irrigation including three levels: daily irrigation, every two days, and three days; and the secondary factor included three cultivars (Red Anbori, Champa, and Daniyal) and one salt tolerant rice line (S2). In the first year, due to the allocation of water outside the cultivation date, the yield of the crop was very low, so, the analysis was done based on the second year. The average volume of irrigation water in the field was measured as 14,800, 15,200, 15,700 and 16,100 m3/ha for, respectively, line S2, Red Anburi, Daniyal, and Champa. The results showed that, in the daily irrigation, the "Red Anburi" local cultivar had the highest yield with 3767 kg/ha and S2 line had the lowest 2541 kg/ha, so that when the irrigation changed from every day to three days, the yield decreased by 56% on average. The highest water productivity was obtained by the "Red Anburi" cultivar (0.25 kg/m3) in the daily irrigation. The reason for this problem can be shown in the monitoring of soil salinity, so that with daily irrigation, the salinity of the saturated extract in all soil layers showed a decreasing trend from 3.77 to 1.8 dS/m. According to the results, use of drip irrigation system would significantly reduce the volume of irrigation water compared to "conventional puddled transplanted rice". This has been an effective strategy in reducing the stress on the water resources of the province and saving the available water to preserve the ecosystem, although significant reduction of rice cultivation area in this province is recommended.
6
Hossein Parvizi; Amir Parnian; Hadis Hatami; Mohammad Hasan Rahimian
Abstract
The effects of pressure changes and type of emitter on the performance of pistachio orchard’s drip irrigation systems were studied in 21 orchards, under irrigation by saline water. Based on the results, water distribution uniformity in different parts of the orchards (EU) and the average flow of ...
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The effects of pressure changes and type of emitter on the performance of pistachio orchard’s drip irrigation systems were studied in 21 orchards, under irrigation by saline water. Based on the results, water distribution uniformity in different parts of the orchards (EU) and the average flow of emitters ranged from 71% to 95% and 5.5 to 28.8 l hr-1, respectively. Furthermore, the lowest and highest operating pressure of the emitter were 0.1 and 1.8 bar in different pistachio orchards, respectively. The highest (21%) and lowest (3%) values of coefficient of variation (CV) were obtained from the evaluation of orchards number 13 and 4, respectively. Moreover, the minimum (0.6 %) and maximum (26.2 %) deviation values of the measured average flow from the nominal flow were also observed in orchards No. 3 and 18, respectively. The values of CV in orchards No. 3, 4, 10, 11. 12, 19, and 20 were lower than 10% and were excellent. Orchards No. 2, 13, 14, and 15 with values of about 20% showed good and very good CV, and all of the remaining orchards had very good values of CVs between 10% and 20 %. The results showed that the emitters had a low CV and high EU in the orchards with proper supply and distribution of operation pressure (0.5 to 4 bar) without considering their types and brands. However, the two 8 liters per hour emitters including the Eurodrip and Europlast (King model) for soils with low infiltration rate, and the 26.2 liters/hour Eurodrip emitter for supplying high flow rates with an operating pressure of 0.5 to 1 bar can be recommended. Results indicated that, in most orchards, it is vital to modify the irrigation planning (time and frequency). It seems that if the operating pressure is supplied and distributed properly, emitter clogging and, consequently, EU would not be much affected by water salinity.
6
Bagher Hoseinpour; Anahita Jabbari; Hassan Alipour
Abstract
The current study aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing acceptance or rejection of irrigation system in apple orchards of Urmia city, as the center of apple production in West Azerbaijan Province, by applying survey research method and Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Model. Based ...
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The current study aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing acceptance or rejection of irrigation system in apple orchards of Urmia city, as the center of apple production in West Azerbaijan Province, by applying survey research method and Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Model. Based on the results, 57% of the respondents believed that implementation of drip irrigation using a common source of water (well) had many problems, 63% of them also considered the system unsuitable for old orchards. About 64% of the respondents believed that, in current situation, the relative profitability of the system was in the range of medium to low. 77% believed that drip irrigation systems did not have high performance due to various reasons. According to 81.5% of the respondent’s opinion, applicability of these systems is complex compared to traditional methods, because of design, performance, employment, and administrative bureaucracy, obtaining facilities, repair and maintenance. According to the Cox-Nell and Nagelkerke statistics, the variables included in the model are able to explain, respectively, 0.50 and 0.68 of the variance of the drip irrigation acceptance variable. According to the obtained results, the most important recommendations applicable in the region, are using successful models and reference groups to provide practical trainings on irrigation systems, increasing the relative benefit and reducing the risk of investing in drip irrigation, reviewing the process of designing, implementing, the workflow and the quality of equipment in drip irrigation systems, solving problems related to issuing the necessary permits for orchards that do not have ownership documents and, finally, avoiding the use of drip irrigation in old traditional orchards.
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Razieh Bayani; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Abdolmajid Liaghat; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji
Abstract
Due to the drought, water and food security in the country is facing serious challenges, and a precise and science-based implementation plan is needed. The use of new technologies, such as modern irrigation systems, is essential as an effective tool for optimal water use. Therefore, this study was conducted ...
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Due to the drought, water and food security in the country is facing serious challenges, and a precise and science-based implementation plan is needed. The use of new technologies, such as modern irrigation systems, is essential as an effective tool for optimal water use. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield components, and water efficiency of rice variety "Honda" in two surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems in a paddy field located in Kiasar, Mazandaran Province, Iran, during the spring and summer of 2022. The experimental design was strip plots using a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications in 18 plots measuring 2 by 3 m. The treatments included surface drip irrigation with strip distances of 25, 50, and 75 cm, and subsurface drip irrigation at a depth of 30 cm with the same strip distances. The results showed that cluster length, number of grains, plant height, and root length were significantly increased in surface drip irrigation treatments compared to subsurface treatments, with an increase of 1.2 cm (6.8%), 8.19 (49.8%), 6.9 cm (8.2%), and 1 centimeters (6.9%), respectively. The grain yield, harvest index, physical efficiency, and economic efficiency in the surface drip irrigation treatments showed significant increases of 1664 kg/ha (40.8%), 4.7% (14.1%), 0.27 kg/m3 (38.5%), and 242,363 Rials/m3 (38.4%), respectively, compared to subsurface drip irrigation treatments. The maximum grain yield and harvest index were observed at distances of 25 cm, equal to 5834 kg/ha and 40%, respectively. The maximum physical efficiency was observed at a distance of 50 cm, equal to 0.93 kg/m3. With an increase in distance between the strips from 25 to 50 cm, the physical efficiency increased by 22%. However, further increase in the distance led to a decrease in physical efficiency. The maximum economic efficiency was observed for surface drip irrigation at a distance of 50 cm, equal to 836,951 Rials/m3.
6
Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji; Khaled Ahmadaali; Abdolmajid Liaghat
Abstract
This research aimed to select essential features for modeling the cost of pressurized irrigation systems using the data of 515 drip irrigation projects in four parts, including the cost of pumping station and central control system (TCP), cost of on-farm equipment (TCF), cost of installation and operation ...
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This research aimed to select essential features for modeling the cost of pressurized irrigation systems using the data of 515 drip irrigation projects in four parts, including the cost of pumping station and central control system (TCP), cost of on-farm equipment (TCF), cost of installation and operation on-farm and pumping station (TCI), and total cost (TCT). In the first stage, a database including 39 features influencing the cost of the mentioned sectors was prepared and the price of all projects (2006 to 2019) was updated for the base year of 2021. Then, feature selection was done with different algorithms in MATLAB environment and in two parts including (1) all features (39 features before and after the design stage) and (2) 18 features before the design phase (BD). The results showed that the amounts of RMSE and R2 for all the features were equal to 0.007 and 0.92, respectively, and for the BD section, they were equal to 0.003 and 0.89, respectively. Among the different algorithms for feature selection, support vector machine (SVM) and optimization algorithms (Wrapper) were identified as the best learner and feature selection method, respectively. The results of the evaluation criteria showed that the two LCA and FOA algorithms achieved the best estimation, and their error criterion in all the features were 0.0020 and 0.0018, respectively, while their correlations were 0.94 and 0.94. In the BD features, these criteria were 0.0006 and 0.95 for both algorithms, respectively. Finally, in the all features section, 10 out of 39 features and for BD section, 8 out of 18 were selected as the most effective features. The results of choosing the most effective features that affect the cost of different parts of the drip irrigation system can make the cost modeling of the systems simpler and faster and, while being useful for research works, it facilitates estimation and management of costs before implementation of each project.
6
Masoumeh Afshani; Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi; mostafa teimoori
Abstract
The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the weaknesses, strengths, threats, and opportunities in the operation of the Dasht Varamin Network from the viewpoint of users, experts, and managers of the network. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was improved by completing ...
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The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the weaknesses, strengths, threats, and opportunities in the operation of the Dasht Varamin Network from the viewpoint of users, experts, and managers of the network. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was improved by completing 30 prototypes and checking reliability under the supervision of university professors, managers, and experts in this field. Data was collected by single-stage, random, and field survey. The statistical population included the network operators, experts, and active managers. The statistical sample size was 98 through the Cochrane relationship and 105 to avoid errors. The results of the SWOT analytical model showed that with increasing information and real awareness of the users about the challenges of the network, the cost of construction and maintenance, the actions of the Irrigation Department and Water Affairs, Agricultural Jihad, and other related organizations, will encourage the users to stop confronting and having a negative attitude. Thus, they would probably have a more responsible and concerned participation and would take more effective steps in order to remove the threat, eliminate the weakness, enhance the strength, and use the opportunities. The comparative examination of the opinions of experts such as users determined opportunities more than threats, weaknesses and strengths, this shows a shared view and hope for the existing opportunities of the network. From the respondents’ point of view, the priority was to determine the competitive strategies, then, the defensive ones. Knowing the problems of the users (challenge of the administrative process, inconsistency of the sectors related to water, negative view of the government measures by considering the previous unsuccessful experiences) experts can eliminate the weaknesses and threats in order to facilitate the affairs for the water users. Activities such as promoting new methods of irrigation and agriculture and showing the successful experiences of cooperative management of water users in the network, should have pioneering and practical results.
6
Mahmood Fazli; Ahmad Zare; Abdolreza Siahpoosha; Elham Elahifard
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation systems and weed control treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane and weeds biomass, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020 at Sugarcane ...
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In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation systems and weed control treatments on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugarcane and weeds biomass, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020 at Sugarcane Development Research and Training Institute of Khuzestan, Iran. The five irrigation systems included surface drip irrigation (I0), two types of subsurface drip irrigation with a discharge rate of 2.3 and 3.6 L/h and emitter spacing of 50 and 60 cm (I1 and I2 respectively), Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) sprinkler irrigation (I3), and the conventional furrow irrigation method (I4) as the main plot, and weed treatments included no weed control throughout the season, (W0), weed control throughout the season (W1), and use of cultivator (W2). The highest and lowest mean cane yield (167 and 117 ton/ha, respectively) and sugar yield (18.24, 12.40 ton/ha, respectively) were observed in I3 and I4 irrigations, respectively. Mean cane and sugar yield in W0 were significantly lower than W1 and W2 treatments (with a difference of 18.34% and 18.78% for cane yield and 17.84% and 18.85% for sugar yield, respectively). Qualitative traits including Brix, syrup sucrose percentage and syrup purity percentage were not affected by irrigation systems and weed control treatments. The total dry matter of weeds for I0, I1, I2, I3 and I4 Irrigation treatments were 90, 78, 47, 43 and 173 g/m2 under W0 treatment and 30, 23, 16, 15 and 40 g/m2 under W2 treatment, respectively. In the condition of the study area, results indicated that adoption of LEPA sprinkler or subsurface drip irrigation system together with the use of cultivator in the first ratoon leads to irrigation water saving and reduces weeds competition in sugarcane fields.
6
nader heydari
Abstract
Wheat is considered a strategic crop in the country and even in the world. It covers a large area under cultivation (approximately 50% of the country's cultivated lands).The main objective of this study was to review and analyze wheat WP in Iran and compare it with data of some other world countries. ...
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Wheat is considered a strategic crop in the country and even in the world. It covers a large area under cultivation (approximately 50% of the country's cultivated lands).The main objective of this study was to review and analyze wheat WP in Iran and compare it with data of some other world countries. For this purpose, national and international scientific references were collected and reviewed, and the reported values for wheat WP (at the national, basin, and provincial scales) were arranged, calculated, and summarized, and necessary analyses and some conclusions were derived. According to the results, the range of wheat WP values in Iran and the world is very wide (0.25-2.2 and 0.3-3.9 kg/m3, respectively), depending on the geographical areas, water and soil conditions, different irrigation systems, climate, etc. The country's wheat WP (on a national scale) is estimated at 0.87 kg/m3, which is in the middle range compared to world. However, based on the reported wheat WP at the provincial level, the average wheat WP in the country is equal to 0.75 kg/m3, which is again in the (lower) middle range in comparison with the global values. Comparison of WP mean value at provincial level (0.75 kg/m3) with the average WP of 10 major wheat producing countries (0.93 kg/m3), indicated that the country's wheat WP is about 25% lower than the average of these countries. Moreover, the Iranian national wheat WP and the global scale average of this index is about 0.93 and 1.1 kg/m3, respectively. Therefore, the value of the country's wheat WP is not very low compared to the global average, and there is a relatively small gap (just 22%) with the global average. However, it is far from the values of the leading wheat producing countries (1.4 kg/m3), such as most Western European countries, South Africa, and Egypt in the Middle East, with a relatively large distance (50% lower). In conclusion, the range of wheat’s WP are very wide in different provinces and regions of the country, therefore there are many opportunities to increase it event up to twofold. This target could be achieved in the country in the medium term with the necessary investments and planning.
6
ali mokhtaran; Peyman Varjavand; Hossein Dehghanisanij; Shokrola Absalan; Azarakhsh Azizi; Alireza Jafarnejadi
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare and monitor drip and surface irrigation systems for corn and wheat crops in three planting seasons from summer 2016 to spring 2018 in one of the agricultural research stations in Khuzestan, located in Ahvaz. The source of irrigation water was Karun River with salinity ...
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This study was conducted to compare and monitor drip and surface irrigation systems for corn and wheat crops in three planting seasons from summer 2016 to spring 2018 in one of the agricultural research stations in Khuzestan, located in Ahvaz. The source of irrigation water was Karun River with salinity of 3 dS/m in Ahvaz section. This study was performed using randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The basis of blocking in corn cultivation was 2 and 4 days irrigation intervals, and in wheat cultivation, the distances between drip lines were 40, 60, and 75 cm. The results showed that the volume of water used in the drip system for corn and wheat was 24% and 32% lower than the surface irrigation system, respectively. Also, water productivity in the drip system was higher than surface irrigation system by 16% and 21%, for corn forage and grain, respectively, and by 35% for wheat. Wheat water productivity for different distances of drip lines was not significantly different. Therefore, in heavy-textured soils, drip irrigation lines at 75 cm spacing can be used for wheat cultivation. In soil monitoring analysis, the drip system reduced soil quality such that, after three planting seasons, the initial non-saline-sodic soil (ECe = 3.09dS / m, ESP = 6.18%) became saline (ECe = 7.63dS / m, ESP = 12.63%). Despite accumulation of salts at the periphery of the wetted soil under the drippers, the plants had a better growth and yield in the drip system than the surface irrigation, because of the high soil water potential around the roots and under the drippers, which reduced salt effects. The results of this study showed that if a drip system is used for the climate similar to the central and southern regions of Khuzestan, land drainage and leaching operations at the end of the growing season are necessary to protect the soil.
6
Mohammad Amerian; Seyyed Ebrahim Hashemi Garmdareh; Azra Karami
Abstract
Lack of water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the common problems in sustainable development. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of deficit drip irrigation method on yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of corn (single ...
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Lack of water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the common problems in sustainable development. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of deficit drip irrigation method on yield, yield components, and water use efficiency of corn (single cross 704), in the crop year 2017-2018 in the research farm of College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, in Pakdasht City. The experiment was performed as a randomized complete block with three levels of 100% (D1), 75% (D2) and 55% (D3) water requirement of corn in three replications. The highest biomass yield was observed at the level of 100%, and with the application of 75% and 55% deficit irrigation, crop yield decreased by 25% and 50%, respectively. Also, the highest grain yield was 14805 kg/ha in 100% treatment and the lowest was 10227 kg/ha in 55% level. The highest biomass water use efficiency was obtained for the treatment of 75% drip irrigation and was equal to 3.55 kg/m3 of water consumption. Therefore, it can be said that a drip irrigation system with 75% water requirement is the optimal system and its use is recommended.
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fereshteh batoukhteh; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Hossein Dehghanisanij
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to estimate the coefficients of different equations of water infiltration into soil, including Philip, Kostyakov, Kostyakov- Louise, Horton, and SCS to estimate the infiltration rate and potential for runoff in long-duration rainfall in two land uses (rangeland and ...
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The main purpose of this study was to estimate the coefficients of different equations of water infiltration into soil, including Philip, Kostyakov, Kostyakov- Louise, Horton, and SCS to estimate the infiltration rate and potential for runoff in long-duration rainfall in two land uses (rangeland and agricultural) and three soil textures (loam, clay loam ,and silty clay loam). These models were fitted to the measured infiltration data to estimate the model parameters and find a suitable model for this region. After estimating the parameters, the infiltration rates for 2, 4 and 24 hours were calculated using the infiltration rate equations of each model. For this purpose, the infiltration data were obtained by double rings method from 16 point of different regions in the basin. The parameters of these models were then obtained, using least square optimization method. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the models, the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe (NSE) efficiency, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME) were calculated. Comparisons of the mean of evaluation statistics using the Tukey method showed that the method of estimating cumulative infiltration in the Kostyakov-Louise model had a more-stable trend compared to other models and was evaluated as the best in most soil texture classes and land uses. Means comparisons showed that despite the differences between the models in estimating the cumulative infiltration, the differences between the models in estimating the infiltration rate were not significant and were in the same group. Regardless of the model used, soil texture and land use are the two main factors affecting the final infiltration rate. According to the results, the rate of infiltration with time in agricultural use has significant changes, such that, in this use, it was initially high and decreased sharply with increasing time from 2 hours to 24 hours. In order to reduce the weakening effects of agricultural activities on soil quality and to increase the infiltration rate in long-duration rainfall and reduce runoff, management activities such as expansion of conservation agriculture, no-tillage, and minimum tillage farming operations will play a very effective role.
6
mehran mohamadi; javanshir azizi mobaser; Majid Raoof
Abstract
In order to know the technical status of the irrigation systems and determine the amount of achievement of the objectives of the design stage, it is necessary to evaluate these systems.In this study, 18 classic fixed sprinkler irrigation systems with mobile sprinklers implemented in different parts of ...
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In order to know the technical status of the irrigation systems and determine the amount of achievement of the objectives of the design stage, it is necessary to evaluate these systems.In this study, 18 classic fixed sprinkler irrigation systems with mobile sprinklers implemented in different parts of Ardabil plain in the summer of 2019 were evaluated. For this purpose, criteria such as Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CU), Distribution Uniformity (DU), Potential Application Efficiency of Low Quarter (PELQ),and Actual Application Efficiency of Low Quarter(AELQ),were used at both block and system scales.After measurements and collection of the required information, these criteria were calculated. The mean values of the criteria were for the blocks were 83.46%, 74.96%, 68.93% and 67.94%, respectively, and for the systems, they were82.32%, 73.43%, 65.71% and 66.70%, respectively. In addition, Wind Drift Losses (WDEL), Deep Percolation losses (DP) and irrigation adequacy (ADirr) were found to be, 7.95%, 6.97%and 27.08%, respectively. Results and field studies showed that low values of PELQ and AELQ were affected by inappropriate spacing of sprinklers, lower pressure compared to design pressure, high pressure changes in the system and simultaneous use of large number of sprinklers. In addition, inaccurate management in operation, land topography and long lengths of pipes are effective factors in reducing the actual performance indicators of irrigation systems in Ardabil plain. Among the suggested recommendations are a revision of the designs, due consideration of the land slope, change in the type of sprinklers, or even change in the orifice of the sprinklers.