Reza Delbaz; Hamed Ebrahimian; Fariborz Abbasi; Arezoo Nazi Ghameshlou
Abstract
The explosive growth of science and the dissemination of various results have confused researchers in various fields. Simple surveys and reviews of results collected in a specific area seem necessary. Meta-analysis as a structured method and using statistical methods aggregate the results of studies ...
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The explosive growth of science and the dissemination of various results have confused researchers in various fields. Simple surveys and reviews of results collected in a specific area seem necessary. Meta-analysis as a structured method and using statistical methods aggregate the results of studies on a subject. In this study, in order to assess the surface and drip fertigation based on crop yield and water and fertilizer productivity, a meta-analysis approach was used. For this purpose, studies of eight databases were recruited, and, after reviewing them, 21 studies had the conditions to enter the meta-analysis. Combined results showed that both surface and drip fertigation methods significantly increased the indicators of crop yield and water and fertilizer productivity. Measuring the effect size of the results for crop yield in surface and drip fertigation methods compared to surface irrigation with traditional fertilization method was equal to 1.32 and 1.25, respectively. The effect size of water productivity for surface and drip fertigation compared to surface irrigation with traditional fertilization methods was 1.24 and 1.74. These values were 2.12 and 1.43, respectively, in terms of fertilizer productivity. Therefore, both surface and drip fertigation methods increase crop yield and water and fertilizer productivity. The results of this study are derived from the quantitative data of preliminary studies, to achieve higher accuracy, it is suggested that further studies be examined by meta-analysis.
Fatemeh Meskini-Vishkaee; Alireza Jafarnejadi; Naser Davatgar
Abstract
Irrigation water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors in agricultural production. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different intensities of water deficit stress on yield and water use efficiency of Chamran 2 wheat cultivar in a moderate-textured soil in Khuzestan province. ...
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Irrigation water scarcity is one of the major limiting factors in agricultural production. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different intensities of water deficit stress on yield and water use efficiency of Chamran 2 wheat cultivar in a moderate-textured soil in Khuzestan province. In this research, 10 treatments including full irrigation and water deficit stress at three intensity levels (low, moderate, and severe) were applied under two conditions: during whole growing season or at a given stage of plant growth. This research was done as a completely randomized design with three replications. The salinity of studied soil was 2.95 dS m-1, and soil texture was silty clay loam. The mean water use in different stress treatments was less than full irrigation by 17% (moderate-intensity stress in the third growth stage of wheat) to 43% (high-intensity stress throughout the plant growth period). Applying different intensities of water stress caused reduction in wheat grain yield by 13% (low-intensity stress throughout the growth period) to 76% (high-intensity stress throughout the growth period). The results showed that water stress at stem elongation and grain filling stages of wheat reduced the grain yield more than stress at flowering and milk stages. The lowest value of mean thousand kernel weight (28 g) was observed in the treatments applied in the final growth stage of wheat, confirming the importance of irrigation effects during grain filling stage on the quality of grain. The overall water use efficiency in low-intensity water stress (0.78 g L-1) was higher than the full irrigation treatment (0.62 g L-1), probably due to the reduction of irrigation water losses by drainage and evaporation.
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
Mixing saline and non-saline water is one of the management methods for using saline water resources. This research was carried out to study the effects of conjunctive use of saline and non-saline water on vegetative growth of Barhee date offshoot. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete ...
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Mixing saline and non-saline water is one of the management methods for using saline water resources. This research was carried out to study the effects of conjunctive use of saline and non-saline water on vegetative growth of Barhee date offshoot. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and three replications. The treatments included: T1= irrigation with the Karun River water (2.3 dS/m), T2= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 5 dS/m (volume ratio 2:1), T3= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 8 dS/m (volume ratio 2:1), T4= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 5 dS/m (volume ratio 1:2), T5= irrigation with Karun River water and saline water of 8 dS/m (volume ratio 1:2), and T6= irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m. The offshoots water requirement was calculated based on FAO pan evaporation method. The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effect (p < 1%) on plant vegetative traits. There was no significant difference (p < 1%) between T1 and T2 in leaf length, number of leaflets, and shoot wet and dry weights of date offshoot. The number of leaves and leaflets of the plant decreased by 64.9% and 58.2%, respectively, in treatment of irrigation with saline water of 5 dS/m compared to T1. While reduction amounts of these vegetative traits in T2 were zero and 8.2%, respectively. Also, shoot wet and dry weights of date offshoot in T6 was decreased by 64.7% and 67.5%, respectively; but, in T2, these vegetative traits decreased only by 7.7% and 8.6%, respectively.
Alireza Nouralinejad; Ebrahim Amiri; Hossein Babazadeh; Hosein Sedghi
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine the production function of common bean and cowpea and evaluation of water use efficiency in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in 2016 and 2017. The present study was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Main treatments consisted ...
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This research was conducted to determine the production function of common bean and cowpea and evaluation of water use efficiency in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in 2016 and 2017. The present study was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Main treatments consisted of irrigation of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of water requirement of the plant, and nitrogen treatments in sub plots consisting of no fertilizer, 30, 60, and 90 kg N ha-1 and two bean varieties (ordinary beans and cowpea). The results showed that the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and other agronomic traits were significant (P< 5%), in 2016 and 2017. Two-year average seed yield in 100% water requirement and 60 kg N ha-1 treatments in common bean and cowpea cultivars were 3446 and 3646 kg ha-1, respectively. The highest water productivity in 2016 and 2017 was obtained for the interaction of cultivar and irrigation on seed yield, and was 0.48 and 0.47 kg m-3, respectively. Water use productivity of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and bean cultivars in 2016 and 2017 in 100% water requirement treatment and 30 and 60 kg N/ha was between 0.42 and 0.46 kg m-3. The results of the estimation of production function indicated that the seed yield increased with nitrogen fertilizer application up to 30 kg ha-1, but with gradual increase in nitrogen fertilizer, the yield decreased. Based on the present study, 100% water requirement for seed yield can be recommended for both bean cultivars, however, the amount of fertilizer should be 60 kg N/ha for common bean and 30 kg N/ha for Cowpea.
Manuchehr Amiri
Abstract
Due to the important role of irrigation water chemical composition in the yield of crops and its effects on the soil structure, it has been taken into consideration by the agricultural sector planners. In this regard, the sour and burning taste of water in some agricultural wells around the HamehKasi ...
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Due to the important role of irrigation water chemical composition in the yield of crops and its effects on the soil structure, it has been taken into consideration by the agricultural sector planners. In this regard, the sour and burning taste of water in some agricultural wells around the HamehKasi village in Hamedan province has caused concerns about their water composition and possible detrimental effects on soil stucture and plant growth. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the water quality and the trend of changes in its composition. In this study, 6 gaseous water-wells were identified and their salinity was measured 15 times in three years (5 times each year), and the trend of their electrical conductivity changes was evaluated by SPSS software. Also, from each well, one sample was taken in order to determine the electrical conductivity, cations and anions content, and their chemical indices were calculated and evaluated by means of different criteria and diagrams. The results showed that calcium and bicarbonate ions have the highest concentrations in these waters, and the water of the mentioned wells was considered as unconventional and was Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. The water salinity of these wells was high (from 2.96 to 6.07 dS/m), and had very high salinity and sodicity (C4S4) after correction of the sodium adsorption ratio. Due to high salinity of water, fine-textured soil and lack of sufficient water for leaching, it is expected that the soil will be salinized in the root zone by irrigation, and as a result, the yield of plants and especially perennial plants would decrease. However, the statistical analysis of the electric conductivity changes of gaseous water-wells in HamehKasi area indicated that the salinity of their water decreased significantly over time. Consequently, the quality of water in the HamehKasi area in terms of irrigation improved over time.
fatemeh abbaspour; hamidreza asghari; P Rezvani Moghaddam; hamid abbasdokht; javad shabahang; adel baig babaei
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted which focused on the effects of walnut wood biochar and chemical fertilizers on quality characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) under water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a split plots factorial layout based on a randomized ...
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A field experiment was conducted which focused on the effects of walnut wood biochar and chemical fertilizers on quality characteristics of Black Seed (Nigella sativa) under water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a split plots factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. Three levels of irrigation (I1: 100%, I2: 70% and I3: 40% of crop water requirement) were assigned as the main plots and the combination of three levels of biochar (B1: 0, B2: 10 and B3: 20 t.ha-1) and two levels of chemical fertilizers (F1: without and F2: with chemical fertilizer) were allocated to sub plots. Recommended dose for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was 150 kg N.ha-1, 75 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 100 kg K2SO4.ha-1, respectively. Results showed that irrigation had no effect on soil properties, but application of 20 t ha-1 of biochar improved soil saturation percentage, soil organic carbon, and total nitrogen. Irrigation significantly influenced the seed yield, oil yield, oil percentage, and fatty acids, except oleic acid. The 70% water requirement treatment increased the amount of fatty acids, except stearic acid. Plant quality characteristics significantly increased by 10 t ha-1 biochar application. Application of 10 t ha-1 biochar plus 70% irrigation water requirement and using chemical fertilizer (I2B2F2) produced the highest seed yield (1158.4 kg ha-1). Based on the results, it seems that application of 10 t ha-1 biochar is suitable for black seed production under water deficit condition.
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
It is necessary to determinate of crop water requirement for optimum use of agricultural water resources. This research was carried out for determining water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm in the first to third year of vegetative growth. A drainage lysimeter was used to measure ...
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It is necessary to determinate of crop water requirement for optimum use of agricultural water resources. This research was carried out for determining water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm in the first to third year of vegetative growth. A drainage lysimeter was used to measure reference evapotranspiration (ETr) and three drainage lysimeters were used to measure evapotranspiration of date palm (ETc). The amounts of reference evapotranspiration and ETc were calculated using soil water balance. The results showed that ETr values in the first to third year were 2105, 1827, and 2021.8 mm, respectively, while seasonal ETc in vegetative growth were 274.3, 402.7, and 597.2 mm, respectively. ETc increased 46.8% and 48.3%, yearly. The crop coefficient of Barhee date palm was 0.08-0.18 in the first year. In this year, the minimum crop coefficient was recorded in May, while the maximum crop coefficient was in October and January. But, the date palm crop coefficient was 0.10-0.30 in the second year and 0.19-0.43 in the third year of vegetative growth. In second and third years of vegetative growth, the minimun crop coefficient was recorded in March. In the second year, the maximum crop coefficient was observed in August and January, while the maximum crop coefficient in the third year was obtained in November. The increasing plant age and vegetative growth could be the main reasons for the difference in the amounts of water requirement and crop coefficient of date palm in the first to third year.
b k; ch a; z f; h g
Abstract
When good quality water is scarce, application of unconventional water resources is considered in agriculture. One of these sources is treated urban wastewater (TUW). In this research, in which plants were grown in medium-size pots, effect of irrigation with wastewater was evaluated on accumulation and ...
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When good quality water is scarce, application of unconventional water resources is considered in agriculture. One of these sources is treated urban wastewater (TUW). In this research, in which plants were grown in medium-size pots, effect of irrigation with wastewater was evaluated on accumulation and distribution in soil profile of heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and nickel) under greenhouse conditions of the University of Kurdistan. The factorial experiments were conducted according to complete randomized design with three replications. Also, the effect off three irrigation treatments consisting of TUW, alternating TUW- ordinary water, and ordinary water on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil cultivated with corn and tomato plant were investigated. Soil samples were taken from four different depths and three horizontal distances from the plant. The results showed that TUW had significantly greater amounts of heavy metals in comparison with ordinary water. Also, the maximum and minimum amounts of heavy metal were observed in TUW and ordinary water, respectively. From the findings, it can be concluded that concentration of heavy metals decreased with increasing depth and horizontal distance from the plant location. Manganese (7.3 mg/kg) had the highest concentration in the soil. Also, Arsenic (5.41 mg/kg), iron (4.21 mg/kg), zinc (3.93 mg/kg) and copper (3.3 mg/kg) ranked from the second to fifth, respectively. Type of plants had a significant effect on the accumulation of manganese, zinc, and arsenic. According to the results of this study, there is a threat to human health of heavy metals contamination in plants such as corn and tomatoes. Therefore, it can recommended that irrigation with treated wastewater is to be limited to non-food crops.
s r; a s
Abstract
The technology of magnetic water has been widely studied and adopted in the field of agriculture in many countries. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of magnetic water on germination and vegetative growth of two varieties of tomato (lycopercicum esculentum) seeds. A factorial ...
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The technology of magnetic water has been widely studied and adopted in the field of agriculture in many countries. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of magnetic water on germination and vegetative growth of two varieties of tomato (lycopercicum esculentum) seeds. A factorial experiment in completely randomized design was carried out using three replications, in 2014. Based on the results, seeds irrigated with magnetic water exhibited marked increases in rate of germination, vegetative growth, vigor index, root length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and chemical constituents i.e. photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids), over the control. Percentage of germination for seeds irrigated with magnetized water was 94.6 for the two varieties, while for the control it was 90 and 93 in Sunseed and Sudin, respectively. Results indicated that irrigation with magnetized water induced positive significant effect on all studied parameters. It appears that utilization of magnetized water may lead to improved quantity and quality of tomato production.
Hedyeh Pouryazdankhah; Mohammadreza Khaledian
Abstract
In most cases, to predict soil moisture status before installing irrigation system, some simulations are performed by mathematical models to achieve a correct design and supply plant water requirement. Furthermore, nowadays, to increase water use efficiency, no-tillage system is being considered by many ...
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In most cases, to predict soil moisture status before installing irrigation system, some simulations are performed by mathematical models to achieve a correct design and supply plant water requirement. Furthermore, nowadays, to increase water use efficiency, no-tillage system is being considered by many experts, because of its high water saving potential. In this study, the performance of HYDRUS-2D has been assessed for both systems i.e. conventional and no-tillage systems. Hence, a field under corn crop and irrigated with tape drip irrigation was considered for each system, in south of France in a Mediterranean climate. Soil moisture at different depths was measured by a neutron probe before and after irrigation in the experimental fields and was compared with simulated moisture according to two statistical indices, i.e. RMSE and EF. In the conventional tillage system, considering the temporal variability of soil hydraulic properties before irrigations, the model could not satisfactorily simulate the whole 29-day study period; because ploughing caused increase in pores of the soil and, consequently, increased soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks). After the first irrigation, Ks was reduced because of the compaction of the first layer, which resulted in some discrepancies in model simulations, where accounting temporal variability of soil hydraulic properties improved the simulations of model. But, in no-tillage system, by accounting soil hydraulic properties before irrigations as input, the model could simulate the whole study period, because in this system, structure of the soil and, consequently, soil Ks changed negligibly and, therefore, the model could simulate more realistic results.
Nasrdin Parsafar; Safar Maroofi
Abstract
In this study, raw and treated wastewater from the Serkan Wastewater Treatment Plant was reused for potato irrigation under lysimetric conditions. The lysimeters were irrigated systematically each week during a period of five months before sowing operations. Experiment was run within greenhouse during ...
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In this study, raw and treated wastewater from the Serkan Wastewater Treatment Plant was reused for potato irrigation under lysimetric conditions. The lysimeters were irrigated systematically each week during a period of five months before sowing operations. Experiment was run within greenhouse during a period of four months. The experiment was factorial with a completely randomized design in three replicates and two variables: irrigation and soil depth. Irrigation treatments included: raw wastewater (T1), treated wastewater (T2), a combination of 50% raw wastewater and 50% fresh water (T3), a combination of 50% treated wastewater and 50% fresh water (T4), and fresh water (T5) as the control. The soil cores depths studied were 0-10 and 10-20 cm. After harvesting the crop, soil samples of each lysimeter was sampled in order to analyze for cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) concentration in 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths. The results showed that the effects of irrigation treatments were significant on accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Ni in the soil depths. However, the interaction effects were insignificant on accumulation of the heavy metals. According to the results, the maximum and minimum accumulation of Cd, Pb, and Ni in the soil was obtained in T1 and T5, respectively. Overall, based on the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil, the irrigation treatments were ranked as follows: T1> T3> T2> T4> T5. Also, results showed that Cd, Pb, and Ni concentration decreased with soil depth. Based on the accumulation in the soil, the studied heavy metals were ranked as follows: Pb> Ni> Cd.
Peyman Afrasiab; Mohammadmehdi Chari; Hossein Hashemzadeh
Abstract
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a soil additive that increases the absorption of water and nutrients in the soil and provides an appropriate plant growth medium by reducing water losses and the cost of irrigation. In this study, the effect of different amounts of PAM was evaluated in controlling runoff, erosion ...
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Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a soil additive that increases the absorption of water and nutrients in the soil and provides an appropriate plant growth medium by reducing water losses and the cost of irrigation. In this study, the effect of different amounts of PAM was evaluated in controlling runoff, erosion and infiltration on sloping land following two sequential irrigation events. PAM (0, 3, 6, and 9 gr/kg) was applied to a clay loam soil under rainfall simulator in the laboratory. This study was performed on three slopes: 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The results showed that runoff and soil erosion were reduced when PAM application rate was increased and the reduction in runoff and soil erosion in the second irrigation was much more than the first irrigation. On 5% slope, the maximum reduction in runoff in the second irrigation corresponding to 6 and 9 gr/kg PAM application was 74%. The maximum reduction in soil erosion was 63.8% and 84.3% in the first and second irrigation events, respectively, and belonged to 9 gr/kg PAM treatment. The final soil infiltration rate was increased by increasing PAM application rate in the two irrigation events.