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Ali Abdzad Gohari; Amir Nik Akhtar; Niazali Ebrahimipak; Arash Tafteh
Abstract
Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI) has presented NIAZAB system to estimate and determine crops water requirement, water consumption, and irrigation planning at the scale of region, district, and plains in Iran. The current research was conducted in order to use NIAZAB system (including Tafteh, ...
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Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI) has presented NIAZAB system to estimate and determine crops water requirement, water consumption, and irrigation planning at the scale of region, district, and plains in Iran. The current research was conducted in order to use NIAZAB system (including Tafteh, Pasquale and Reas methods) in determining the amount of water used for soybean cv. Williams, based on the inverse solution of the production function. The experimental treatments in this research included no fertilizer and application of of 150 kg N ha-1 and different irrigation treatments including 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of water requirement. Experimental design was split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications, and was conducted in Hajiabad Region, Hormozgan Province, in 2020 and 2021. The values estimated by the system and measured showed that, in the first year, the average relative error (ARE) in eatimation of evapotranspirationin by Tafteh, Pasquale and Reas methods were 7.49%, -0.05%, and 9.14%, respectively. In the second year, these values were 6.47%, -1.29%, and 9.06%, respectively. The ARE in the physical water productivity in the mentioned methods was -8.23%, -0.73%, and -10.08% in the first year, and -7.10%, 0.58%, and -10.07% in the second year, respectively. In Tafteh, Pasquale, and Reas methods, the root mean square error (RMSE) were 43, 35, and 49 mm, respectively, and the normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) were 0.093%, 0.076%, and 0.105%, respectively. Considering the results, NIAZAB system estimated the amount of irrigation water and evapotranspiration with acceptable approximation and it can be used for estimation of water consumption in the studied area.
7
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
The amount of agricultural water consumption and water waste can be reduced by properly adjusting the irrigation schedule of plants based on the precise determination of the water requirement of each plant. This research was carried out to determine water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date ...
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The amount of agricultural water consumption and water waste can be reduced by properly adjusting the irrigation schedule of plants based on the precise determination of the water requirement of each plant. This research was carried out to determine water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm. Three drainage lysimeters were applied to measure date palm evapotranspiration. The amounts of date palm evapotranspiration and reference evapotranspiration were calculated using soil water balance equation and Penman-Monteith method, respectively. The results showed that water requirement of 6, 7, and 8 years old date palm were 1493, 1613 and 1695 mm, respectively, while the amounts of reference evapotranspiration were 2070, 1950, and 1945 mm, respectively. The amount of date palm water requirement increased by 8%, for 6 to 7 years-old and 7.8% for 7 to 8 years. The crop coefficient of 6 years old date palm varied in the range of 0.54-0.80. The minimum crop coefficient was in November, while the maximum was in June and July. For the 7 and 8 years old date palm, crop coefficient varied in the range of 0.62-0.97 and 0.47-1.01, respectively. In 7 and 8 years old date palm, the minimum crop coefficient was in November and the maximum was in August.
7
Elyas Ostadi; abbas Khasheisiuki; amir salari
Abstract
The necessity of increasing economical productivity of agriculture and the increasing global demand for medicinal plants and considering the low water requirement of these plants have shifted the cropping pattern to their benefit. Water needs of Nigella sativa L., an important medicinal plant, was not ...
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The necessity of increasing economical productivity of agriculture and the increasing global demand for medicinal plants and considering the low water requirement of these plants have shifted the cropping pattern to their benefit. Water needs of Nigella sativa L., an important medicinal plant, was not known, therefore, we aimed to determine its water needs. (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) for different phenological stages in arid conditions of Birjand, in 2018. In order to conduct the research, three weighing lysimeters (with a diameter of 20 cm and a height of 16 cm) were used in three replications. Actual daily evapotranspiration was estimated by water balance in lysimeters and reference evapotranspiration was calculated based on 12 cm grass. The results showed that, in the initial stage, the rate of evapotranspiration was low, in the developmental stage it had an increasing trend, and after stabilization in the middle stage, with the onset of aging in the maturity stage of growth, the rate of evapotranspiration decreased. Actual and reference crop evapotranspiration was obtained as 670 mm and 1439 mm, respectively. The values of crop coefficients in the initial, development, middle, and final stages were obtained as 0.39, 0.53, 0.59, and 0.28, respectively. The general conclusion of the research is that by using the values of crop coefficients and water requirement, it is possible to cultivate this crop with maximum water productivity in the arid region of Birjand.
7
saeid ghavamsaeidi noghabi; ali shahidi; Hossin Homami
Abstract
Determination of crop water requirement is of great importance in irrigation planning and effective management of water in agriculture. In this regard, lysimeters are used to measure water input and output and water balance method. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine the water requirement ...
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Determination of crop water requirement is of great importance in irrigation planning and effective management of water in agriculture. In this regard, lysimeters are used to measure water input and output and water balance method. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine the water requirement of Cannabis sativa L. in 2017 at the Faculty of Agriculture of Birjand University. For this purpose, six weighing lysimeters were used and cannabis water requirement was calculated using the water balance equation. Three lysimeters were planted to grass (12 cm height) as the reference crop, and in the other three lysimeters the cannabis plant was cultivated. Based on the results of the water balance equation, the evapotranspiration potentials of the reference plant and cannabis were 899.6 and 688.89 mm, respectively. The length of different stages of plant growth, including the initial, development, middle and end stages, was 30, 55, 75, and 20 days, respectively. Also, the cannabis crop coefficient values in the four stages of plant growth were 0.28, 0.68, 1.01 and 0.54, respectively. These values are recommended for estimating the water requirement and irrigation management of cannabis.
7
Hossein Beyrami; Mohammad Hassan Rahimian; Farhad Dehghany
Abstract
Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water ...
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Water and soil resources of the country are limited, and the optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires estimation of the exact amount of water consumption by different plants in different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate evapotranspiration, crop coefficient, and water requirements of salicornia under lysimetric conditions in a factorial experiment with completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were two species of salicornia (Salicornia bigelovii and Salicornia persica) and two levels of irrigation water salinities (8 and 25 dS.m-1) in three replications. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa), reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and crop coefficients (Kc) of salicornia species were determined at three main salicornia growth stages. The results showed that increase in irrigation water salinity from 8 to 25 dS.m-1caused significant changes in yield (biomass and seed yield) of the two salicornia species at the 1-percent probability level. Moreover, the amount of irrigation water consumption in different treatments and replications varied from 28 to 33 thousand cubic meters per hectare. For the salinity level of 8 dS.m-1, the Kc values at the beginning, middle, and end of growing season of bigelovii specie were obtained as 1.18, 1.55, and 1.42, respectively, while for the salinity level of 25 dS.m-1, these values were 1.06, 1.37, and 1.26, respectively. For persica specie, the Kc values of the beginning, middle, and end of the growing season were 1.37, 1.58, and 1.10 (for salinity level of 8 dS.m-1) and 1.15, 1.38 and 1.27 (for salinity level of 25 dS.m-1), respectively. In addition, water use efficiencies of salicornia varied from 0.21 to 0.38 kg.m-3 at different treatments and species.
Rostam Yazdani-Biouki; Mohammad Hsan Rahimian; Gholamhasan Rnjbar; MohammadHadi Rad; Hossein Beyrami; Heidar Meftahizadeh
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on applied water, yield and water use efficiency of Damask rose, an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications and four levels of water salinity including 2.8, 5, 8 and 11 dS.m-1 at Research Greenhouse of ...
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In order to investigate the effect of salinity stress on applied water, yield and water use efficiency of Damask rose, an experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications and four levels of water salinity including 2.8, 5, 8 and 11 dS.m-1 at Research Greenhouse of National Salinity Research Center, during 10 Oct 2018 to 30 Sep 2019. In this study, volume of applied water and drainage water, evapotranspiration, flower yield, essential oil yield, and water use efficiency (based on flower yield) were determined. The results showed that the average of applied water, evapotranspiration and drainage water in each irrigation were 14.3, 8.4 and 5.9 L per plant for all treatments, respectively. Also, sum of applied water, evapotranspiration and drainage water volume during the experiment were equal to 616, 363 and 253 L per plant, respectively. The sum of irrigation water volume was 619, 625, 610 and 610 L per plant in 2.8, 5, 8 and 11 dS.m-1 treatments, respectively. Flower yield in 2.8, 5 and 8 dS.m-1 treatments were 60.3, 55.8 and 57.1 g/plant and had no significant difference, such that plants treated with 5 and 8 dS.m-1 had a decrease of 7.46% and 5.25% compared to the 2.8 dS.m-1 treatment, respectively. However, treatment of 11 dS.m-1 had the lowest flower yield (22.66 g/plant) with a decrease of 62.42% compared to the treatment 2.8 dS.m-1. The results showed that the highest water use efficiency of Damask rose was obtained in treatments 2.8, 5, and 8 dS.m-1 (0.09, 0.08 and 0.09 kg/m3) and the lowest (0.03 kg/m3) was in salinity of 11 dS.m-1. Salinity stress levels of 8 and 11 dS/m caused the highest percentage of essential oil (0.025% and 0.027%, respectively) and salinity of 2.8 and 5 dS/m caused the lowest percentage of essential oil (0.022% and 0.021%, respectively).
Zynab sojoodi; Farhad Mirzaei
Abstract
Landscape is of great importance due to environmental values such as oxygen production, freshening air, carbon sequestration, protecting soil against erosion, and biodiversity conservation. Large volumes of urban water resources are used to irrigate water for landscape plant species, but due to lack ...
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Landscape is of great importance due to environmental values such as oxygen production, freshening air, carbon sequestration, protecting soil against erosion, and biodiversity conservation. Large volumes of urban water resources are used to irrigate water for landscape plant species, but due to lack of information about water needs of these plants, water is wasted. In this research, crop coefficient and water requirement of a shrub (Barberry), tree (Cypress), and a herbaceous species (Common couch) was estimated using water balance method and WUCOLS information. The research lasted for six months from 21 March 2018 to 22 September, 2018. To calculate evapotranspiration of landscape, six drainage type “micro-Lysimeters” were used in two different micro-climates and the calculations were done for ten-day intervals. Evapotranspiration was estimated for the whole period of the experiment as 682 mm for water balance method and 626 mm by WUCOLS method. Different evapo-transpiration values were found for both water balance method and the WUCOLS method in different micro-climates. Thus, WUCOLS method could be recommended as a precise, complete and yet practical method in order to estimate the water requirement of landscape plants and, for modeling of water requirement and crop coefficients to reduce water consumption efficiently.
Majid Raoof
Abstract
Although climate change in most parts of the world has changed the amount of water consumed in agriculture, various data from FAO are still used in irrigation planning and in determining allocation of irrigation water. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of FAO global data for sugar beet ...
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Although climate change in most parts of the world has changed the amount of water consumed in agriculture, various data from FAO are still used in irrigation planning and in determining allocation of irrigation water. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of FAO global data for sugar beet crop coefficient in Ardabil plain. At first, parameters of the water balance equation including rainfall and irrigation, drained water, soil water storage, and sugar beet evapotranspiration were determined, using three volumetric lysimeters. After preparation of lysimeters, on May 2017, sugar beet was planted in the lysimeters and the surrounding area, and irrigated. Volumes of drainage water collected from the lysimeters after each irrigation and volumetric water content before each irrigation was measured. Finally, using the measured data, the water balance equation was completed for various time intervals and the plant evapotranspiration and crop coefficients were determined for different quadruple growth stages. Means comparison was performed using t student test at two probability levels of 1% and 5%. Results showed that total the seasonal evapotranspiration of sugar beet plant was 1013 mm. The average crop coefficients for the first, second, third, and the fourth growth stages and the whole growing period were 0.33, 0.9, 1.16, 0.88, and 0.9, respectively. At two probability levels of 1% and 5% and in all growth stages, the mean of measured crop coefficient values was not significantly different compared to the values provided by FAO. The measured crop coefficient values are in good agreement with the published FAO values, therefore, the published data by FAO can be used for irrigation scheduling in the studied area.
aliasghar aghabeigi; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mahmoud raeini; Mohammadreza Yazdani
Abstract
Management of soil and water resources and sustainable development of agriculture by increasing rice yield and water productivity has high importance. Consolidation of paddy fields is one of the solutions for this purpose. In this regard, this research aimed to investigate role of consolidation projects ...
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Management of soil and water resources and sustainable development of agriculture by increasing rice yield and water productivity has high importance. Consolidation of paddy fields is one of the solutions for this purpose. In this regard, this research aimed to investigate role of consolidation projects in paddy fields on water productivity. The research was done in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in Guilan Province, on paddy fields in 3 situations (upland, middle land, and lowland) and 2 farm types (traditional and consolidated), with 5 replications, during 2015 and 2016 . The data on rice yield and different water productivities were analyzed based on double split plot with Tuckey mean analysis method. The results showed that average yield of traditional and consolidated fields were 3958 and 3901 kg ha-1, respectively, without any significant difference. In traditional fields, the gross productivity based on evapotranspiration alone and evapotranspiration plus percolation was, respectively, 3% and 3 % more than those in the consolidated fields. However, net productivity based on evapotranspiration alone, evapotranspiration plus percolation, and water use in consolidated fields was, respectively, 50%, 51%, and 54% more than in traditional fields. Therefore, planning and implementing consolidation projects on paddy fields can increase water productivity.
Khadijeh Barati; Jahangir Abedikoupaee; Elham Darvishi; Arash Azari; Ali Yousefi
Abstract
To prepare the National Water Document of the country, a 25-year statistical period of 1970-1995 has been used to calculate daily potential evapotranspiration. Due to the climate changes that have taken place in recent years, updating this national valuable work is necessary. Since so far there has been ...
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To prepare the National Water Document of the country, a 25-year statistical period of 1970-1995 has been used to calculate daily potential evapotranspiration. Due to the climate changes that have taken place in recent years, updating this national valuable work is necessary. Since so far there has been no study on determining the changes in irrigation requirement of plants of cropping pattern in Kermanshah plain in the current climate conditions compared to the values presented in NETWAT software, this subject was investigated. In this study, to calculate crops water requirement, the meteorological data of 2006-2007 to 2015-2016 were used. In order to estimate the net irrigation requirement for cropping pattern in Kermanshah plain, ET0 calculator software was used to calculate evapotranspiration of reference crop. Then, the evapotranspiration values of the cropping pattern, the effective rainfall and, eventually, the amount of net irrigation requirement of the crops were calculated. The comparison between the values obtained in this research with available values in NETWAT software indicate that, for most plants, the obtained values in this study are on average 1.2 times the amounts presented in the NETWAT software. This ratio is about 2 for wheat and barley and about 1 for clover, cantaloupe, pea, and almond. The results of lysimeteric researches in the study area confirms the correctness of the performed calculations in this study.
Mahnoosh Jenab; Bijan Nazari
Abstract
Improvement of water productivity is very essential for achieving water and food security. One of the basic strategies in this field is determination of crop yield gap and water productivity gap, which is the difference between the present actual situation and the potential situation. This research was ...
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Improvement of water productivity is very essential for achieving water and food security. One of the basic strategies in this field is determination of crop yield gap and water productivity gap, which is the difference between the present actual situation and the potential situation. This research was carried out for wheat in Qazvin province according to GYGA protocols, which is an international methodology. At first, the map of climatic zones of the province was prepared based on Emberger method by using GIS. Then potential yield gap of wheat was estimated according to calibration and simulation of version 5 of Aqua crop model. Results showed that yield gap in various climate zones of the province was between 4502-6271 kg/ha, evapotranspiration water productivity gap was between 0.56-0.66 kg/m3 and water (irrigation and effective rain) productivity gap was between 0.57-0.71 kg/m3. Results showed that actual wheat yield in Qazvin province is 37 percent of the potential yield. Also, relative evapotranspiration water productivity index was 0.47 and relative water productivity index was 0.31. These indices show the ratio of the actual to potential productivities. Based on this research results, the extent of gap between optimum and current condition of yield and water productivity is very wide. Yield gap is 63% of potential yield and water productivity gap is 69% of potential water productivity. This issue represents the considerable weakness existing in management of agricultural production and irrigation and reflects the potential opportunities for strengthening these operation, improving water productivity, decreasing the pressure on water resources, and increasing food security.
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
It is necessary to determinate of crop water requirement for optimum use of agricultural water resources. This research was carried out for determining water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm in the first to third year of vegetative growth. A drainage lysimeter was used to measure ...
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It is necessary to determinate of crop water requirement for optimum use of agricultural water resources. This research was carried out for determining water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm in the first to third year of vegetative growth. A drainage lysimeter was used to measure reference evapotranspiration (ETr) and three drainage lysimeters were used to measure evapotranspiration of date palm (ETc). The amounts of reference evapotranspiration and ETc were calculated using soil water balance. The results showed that ETr values in the first to third year were 2105, 1827, and 2021.8 mm, respectively, while seasonal ETc in vegetative growth were 274.3, 402.7, and 597.2 mm, respectively. ETc increased 46.8% and 48.3%, yearly. The crop coefficient of Barhee date palm was 0.08-0.18 in the first year. In this year, the minimum crop coefficient was recorded in May, while the maximum crop coefficient was in October and January. But, the date palm crop coefficient was 0.10-0.30 in the second year and 0.19-0.43 in the third year of vegetative growth. In second and third years of vegetative growth, the minimun crop coefficient was recorded in March. In the second year, the maximum crop coefficient was observed in August and January, while the maximum crop coefficient in the third year was obtained in November. The increasing plant age and vegetative growth could be the main reasons for the difference in the amounts of water requirement and crop coefficient of date palm in the first to third year.
Habib Karimi Avargani; Ali Rahimikhoob; Mohammad Hadi Nazarifar
Abstract
Crop Simulation models are used for water management in farms and are widely used for optimization of water use efficiency. AquaCrop model, developed by FAO, is based on yield response to water. Compared to other similar models, AquaCrop requires fewer input parameters. The objective of this study was ...
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Crop Simulation models are used for water management in farms and are widely used for optimization of water use efficiency. AquaCrop model, developed by FAO, is based on yield response to water. Compared to other similar models, AquaCrop requires fewer input parameters. The objective of this study was evaluation of this model for barley under deficit irrigation in Pakdasht region. The experiment was done in 2014-15 growing season and included three irrigation treatments and three sowing dates. The irrigation treatments included full irrigation and two treatments of 80% and 60 percent of full irrigation. Sowing dates included early, normal, and late planting. Comparing the estimated values of AquaCrop model and measured values showed that the model is well capable of simulating the barley biomass production. Average R2, RMSE and MBE for the comparison between measured and estimated values were calculated to be 0.96, 8.4 %, and 2.6 %, respectively.
Abolmohsen Hajiamiri; Abolmohsen Hajiamiri
Abstract
Evaluation of fruit trees response to water is one of the important strategies in irrigation management. Current study was conducted in order to assess the response of five olive commercial cultivars to three levels of irrigation. The study was conducted in Olive Research Station, in Dallaho Kermanshah ...
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Evaluation of fruit trees response to water is one of the important strategies in irrigation management. Current study was conducted in order to assess the response of five olive commercial cultivars to three levels of irrigation. The study was conducted in Olive Research Station, in Dallaho Kermanshah province, for three years (2011-13). A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used to apply the treatments. The main plots included the cultivars Conservalla, Amphisis, Manznilla ,Sivillano and Zard-e- ziton, while different levels of irrigation including 100%, 80% and 60% of water requirement were assigned to sub-plot were assigned to subplots.Potential evapotranspiration was estimated as 1158.8 mm year-1 during 2011-13 using ETo calculator software and daily climatic data. Water amount for olive trees in 100% water requirement level was determined as 5828.1 cubic meters per hectare. The results of this study showed that the effects of irrigation levels on some of the reproductive traits such as fruit yield, and fruit and meat weight were significant. Highest yield was obtained in Conservalla with 80% and 100% water demand and amounted to 17745 kg ha-1 and 17106 kg ha-1,respectively. Irrigation levels had no effect on oil content of the olive cultivars. The cultivars were very diverse in terms of traits, such that there was a significant difference in irrigation water productivity, fruit and meat weight, fruit length and diameter, kernel weight, dry matter, and oil content. Interaction between cultivars and irrigation levels was significant only in the case of irrigation water productivity. The results of this research showed that with increasing irrigation levels, productivity of irrigation water decreased. In the cultivar Conservalla at irrigation level of 60%, irrigation water productivity was 4.2 kg/m3 and at irrigation level of 100%, it was 2.9 kg/m3 . Conservative cultivar with average water use efficiency of 3.64 kg/m3 had the highest irrigation water productivity among the studied cultivars.
Elham Saberi; fateme rezaei; a kh
Abstract
Detailed estimation of evapotranspiration is required for water balance studies, water utilities, design and management of irrigation conveyance systems and water resources management, and other purposes. In this study, crop coefficients and water requirements of Ajwain, which is one of the most important ...
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Detailed estimation of evapotranspiration is required for water balance studies, water utilities, design and management of irrigation conveyance systems and water resources management, and other purposes. In this study, crop coefficients and water requirements of Ajwain, which is one of the most important medicinal herbs, were determined during a growing season in College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, by using lysimeters. For this purpose, three weighing lysimeters were used and water requirement of Ajwain was calculated by water balance method. To calculate the reference evapotranspiration, common grass sown in green spaces was used with a height of 12 cm as the reference plant. Finally, at the end of the growing season, values of Ajwain crop coefficients during different growth stages including early stage, crop development, midseason, and late season were obtained as, respectively, 0.78, 1.06, 1.13 and 0.96. Also, the total evapotranspiration of the plant in lysimeter was 492 mm.
Ezatollah Abbasi; Hossein Dehghanisanich
Abstract
Accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is an important factor in precision irrigation, irrigation planning, and water productivity. The present research aimed to study the impact of the meteorological data based (daily and long period) for calculation of ETc on apricot (Aybatan variety), ...
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Accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is an important factor in precision irrigation, irrigation planning, and water productivity. The present research aimed to study the impact of the meteorological data based (daily and long period) for calculation of ETc on apricot (Aybatan variety), irrigation planning and consumptive water. The study was conducted in Karaj region for two years based on randomized blocks design where three irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3) were applied and each treatment consisted of three blocks with four replications. In I1, daily evapotranspiration was calculated based on daily weather data collected by using a µMETOS weather station system. In I2, calculation was based on long-term climatic data, and in I3, irrigation was based on farmers’ practices and was used as the control. According to the results, water use efficiency (WUE) was 3.33 kg/m3 in I1 and 1.99 and 1.29 kg/m3 in I2 and I3, respectively. Variance analysis results indicated that there was significant difference (at one percent level) in yield and WUE between the treatments and different blocks. Accordingly, comparison of the average yield and WUE by Duncan´s test indicated significant difference (at one percent level) between yield and water use efficiency of I1 and the other treatments. Indeed, in drip irrigation method, the maximum yield of apricot occurred where crop water requirement was based on daily weather data and resulted in 13% and 67% increase in, respectively, yield and WUE compared to long period weather data. It was concluded that applying real time weather data for planning irrigation management and scheduling was recommendable.