Mohammad Hossein Banakar; Alimohammad Cheraghi; Mehdi Karimi; Mohammadhasan Rahimian
Abstract
Due to shortage of fresh water resources and increase in the salinity of soil and water resources, use of halophytes has a great importance for forage production and human food security. To compare the effect of different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, and drip) on some halophyte forage species, ...
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Due to shortage of fresh water resources and increase in the salinity of soil and water resources, use of halophytes has a great importance for forage production and human food security. To compare the effect of different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, and drip) on some halophyte forage species, a research was conducted in Sadooq Salinity Research Farm of NSRC in Yazd, Iran, for three years. The experimental design was arranged in complete randomized block design in the form of split plot with three replications, Main plots were different irrigation methods (furrow, bubbler, drip) and halophyte species (A. canescens, A. halimus, A. lentiformis, A. nummularia, and K. indica) were laid out as sub main plots. All plots were irrigated with saline water of 14 dSm-1. During the growing season, all plants were cut every 3-4 months and yield and yield component as well as water use efficiency were measured. Results indicated that A. canescens, followed by A. halimus, with yield of 7.48 and 3.28 ton/ha dry forage, respectively, had the highest forage yield with significant differences (p< 0.05) with each other and with other treatments. Results showed that, under furrow irrigation method, A. canesence and K. indica had the maximum and minimum water use efficiency, respectively. The same trend was also observed for bubbler and drip irrigation methods, as A. canesence had the maximum of water use efficiency under these methods. Based on the results, the highest water use efficiency (2.26 kg/m3) was observed for A. canesence irrigated with bubbler method, and the lowest (0.07 kg/m3) was for K. indica under drip irrigation method. Consequently, based on the results of this experiment and considering the economical and operational aspects of irrigation methods, A. canesence, with dry yield of 7.73 and 8.81 ton/ha under furrow and bubbler irrigation methods, respectively, could be introduced as the best halophyte species for forage production under saline conditions. The results will be more helpful if the experiment is carried out again with determination of water requirement for each plant based on evapotranspiration or soil moisture fluctuations.
halime piri; Abolfazl Bameri
Abstract
In this research, the effect of different levels of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer, and cow manure on garlic was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a split-spilt plot design, with four levels of irrigation water depths (40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the plant water requirement) in the ...
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In this research, the effect of different levels of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer, and cow manure on garlic was investigated. The experiments were carried out in a split-spilt plot design, with four levels of irrigation water depths (40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the plant water requirement) in the main plots, three levels of nitrogen (50, 75 and 100% nitrogen) in the sub- plots, and three levels of manure (25, 32.5 and 50 ton/ha cow manure) in the sub-plots. Nitrogen was applied in two stages and cow manure in one stage before planting. At the end of the experiment, parameters such as plant height, weight, and number of garlic, yield, and irrigation water productivities were measured. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer, and manure were significant (p< 1% and <5%) on all parameters. The highest yield was obtained from 100% fertilizer application and 100% water requirement, but no significant effect was observed between treatments of 100 and 80% of water requirement. The highest amount of irrigation water utilization was obtained at irrigation level of 60% and fertilizer level of 100% (1.48 kg/m3/ha). In this regard, there was no significant difference between treatments of 60% and 80% of water requirements. The amount of allicin was reduced by reducing irrigation water and reducing fertilizer use. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer up to 75% of fertilizer requirement, amounting to 150 kg/ha, resulted in increase of allicin, but higher amounts resulted in decrease of allicin content. Therefore, due to shortage of water in the region, irrigation of this crop can be done with 80% of the plant's water requirement, without a significant effect on the yield.
mohammadhossin rahimian; hamidreza zabihi
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of municipal compost and super absorbent polymer on yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and water use efficiency in greenhouse a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors in randomized complete block design in four replications in Khorasan ...
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In order to investigate the effect of different amounts of municipal compost and super absorbent polymer on yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and water use efficiency in greenhouse a factorial experiment was conducted with two factors in randomized complete block design in four replications in Khorasan Razavi Agriculture and Natural Resource Research and Education Center (torough station). First factor was four levels of compost including (C0=0, C15=15%, C30=30% and C50=50% weight of soil) and second factor was super absorbent polymer at four levels including (G0=0, G5=5, G10=10, G15=15 gram per pot). All fertilizers according to soil test as well compost and super absorbent polymers were used before planting. Pots were irrigated at 50% allowable moisture depletion. Results showed that interaction effect of Hydro gel and compost on yield of tomato was significant and the highest yield was 3520 (gr/pot) obtained from C30G0 treatment. The lowest yield was 1588 (gr/pot) and obtained from C50G15 treatment. Results showed that interaction effect of Hydro gel and compost on water use efficiency was significant too, and the highest WUE was 57.97kg/m3 obtain from C30G0 treatment and the lowest WUE was 15.64 kg/m3 Obtained from C0G15.The best of interval irrigation obtained from C50 treatments equal 8 days. According to the results and beneficial effects of compost on growth and yield of tomato use of compost I preparing of bedding of greenhouse tomato is recommended.
M N; B GH; K D; A A; H D; A T
Abstract
In order to evaluate the role of a limited irrigation and agronomic management scenarios on improving yield and rain water productivity (WP) of rainfed wheat, a field study was conducted at multiple farms of Honam (Lorestan Province) in the upper Karkheh River Basin (KRB), Iran. The calibrated and validated ...
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In order to evaluate the role of a limited irrigation and agronomic management scenarios on improving yield and rain water productivity (WP) of rainfed wheat, a field study was conducted at multiple farms of Honam (Lorestan Province) in the upper Karkheh River Basin (KRB), Iran. The calibrated and validated AquaCrop model was used to define the best management scenario in order to enhance yield and WP of rainfed wheat in upper KRB in 2013-2014. In the next step, the best management scenarios were carried out in three research fields of rainfed wheat in 2014-2015. In field experiments, the treatments included two main management (traditional and advanced management) and two levels of limited irrigation (rainfed, single irrigation of 60 mm at spring time). According to the best scenario of AquaCrop model, spring single irrigation with constant depth of 60 mm was applied at three times (the first, middle and end of flowering period). The result shows that under rainfed conditions, by using the advanced management, rain water productivity of wheat increased by 36% as compared to traditional management. The results of this study showed that a single irrigation application at spring time (during flowering stage) increased the average total water productivity of wheat to 0.70 kg m-3, an increase of 74% as compared to the traditional management. The optimum program was obtained by a combination of advanced agronomic management package with single irrigation of 60 mm at the middle of flowering stage, which increased yield and WP of rainfed wheat to 176% and 134%, respectively, as compared to traditional management. Results of field experiments were in good agreement with the proposed scenarios by AquaCrop model.
p sh; e a; s r; m a
Abstract
Today, even in humid areas, the water crisis is a major problem for agriculture and increasing the efficiency of water use is also one of the requirements for sustainable development. Regarding this, the use of plant growth simulation models as a tool for managing water crisis seems useful. In this study, ...
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Today, even in humid areas, the water crisis is a major problem for agriculture and increasing the efficiency of water use is also one of the requirements for sustainable development. Regarding this, the use of plant growth simulation models as a tool for managing water crisis seems useful. In this study, WOFOST model to simulate the performance of two soybean cultivars (DPX and SEPIDEH) under deficit irrigation was used in the Gorgan region. Using the measured plant yield and simulated water balance components from the model, the average productivity of evapotranspiration (Wp < sub>ET), based on seed yield, was obtained as 0.72 kg m-3. With increasing water stress, water use efficiency based on irrigation and precipitation series (Wp < sub>I+R) and water use efficiency based on irrigation (Wp < sub>I) increased in both cultivars, but the DPX water use efficiency under drought stress was higher than the SEPIDEH cultivar. According to the results and accuracy of WOFOST model, index of relative root mean square errors of seed yield and total biomass in both cultivars was less than 10%, the index of the coefficient of residual mass (CRM) was close to zero, the performance factor (EF) was 0.89, the coefficient of determination (R2) equaled 0.93, and the index of Willmott agreement (IOA) was about 0.89. Overall, based on the findings of this study, favorable performance of the model to simulate the growth process and water impact on soybean seed yield and water efficiency is confirmed and cultivar DPX is recommended for cultivation in the Golestan province.
H D; A A; K E; H N
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the main problems regarding agricultural productions throughout the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Manyresearchers studies various effects of drough stress on root and shoot parts of crop. But, there is not more information about root growth of tomato. ...
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Drought stress is one of the main problems regarding agricultural productions throughout the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Manyresearchers studies various effects of drough stress on root and shoot parts of crop. But, there is not more information about root growth of tomato. In this study, the effect of drought stress on root growth, yield and yield components of tomato was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four irrigation treatments comprising 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% of water requirement in three replications. Fruit weight, diameter and quantity, dry weight of shoot part, root volume, wet weight of root, dry weight of root and root length were measured at the end of growing season. Generally, drought stress had significant effect (p<0.01) on yield, yield components and root attributes of tomato. Themaximum fruit weight (602.53 g), fruit quantity (9.33), diameter (4.86 cm), dry weight of shoot part (127.64 g), root volume (0.38 L), wet weight of root (268.97 g), dry weight of root (24.25 g), root length (239386 cm) and root area (33860 cm2) was corresponded to 100% water requirement treatment. In general, the results showed . The root volumehadmaximum correlated with yield and yield components of tomato.
Ali Reza Tavakoli
Abstract
In order to improve irrigation water productivity and to allocate the saved water to limited irrigation of the adjacent areas, different deficit irrigation methods were studied under surface and sprinkler irrigation systems for two wheat cultivars (Pishtaz and Shiraz), during 2006-07, in Selseleh region ...
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In order to improve irrigation water productivity and to allocate the saved water to limited irrigation of the adjacent areas, different deficit irrigation methods were studied under surface and sprinkler irrigation systems for two wheat cultivars (Pishtaz and Shiraz), during 2006-07, in Selseleh region located in Lorestan province, Iran. The objectives of this study were to find the optimum water depth in sprinkler irrigation and non-effective irrigation in surface irrigation. Different levels of irrigation water were studied under sprinkler irrigation by using a single source. The treatments of surface irrigation included full irrigation, withholding the first irrigation in spring, withholding the first and third irrigation in spring time. The grain yield, irrigation water use, and water productivity were measured in different treatments. Under sprinkler irrigation, optimum level of deficit irrigation was realized with 29.4% of full irrigation treatment (220.5 mm). Under surface irrigation, withholding of the first spring irrigation (78 percent of full irrigation) was the optimum treatment. Under surface irrigation, deficit irrigation led to 22% irrigation water saving and 3.3% increase in grain yield. Root expansion in the deficit irrigation treatments and, consequently, increase in effective soil moisture availability limited grain yield reduction. Under deficit irrigation, deep root expansion was 10.5 percent more than full irrigation condition. Increasing the effective soil depth prevented yield decline. Water saving by deficit irrigation can be used for single irrigation of adjacent rainfed areas (at planting time or critical stages of spring time), which increases total water productivity by 9.3%.
Ezatollah Abbasi; Hossein Dehghanisanich
Abstract
Accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is an important factor in precision irrigation, irrigation planning, and water productivity. The present research aimed to study the impact of the meteorological data based (daily and long period) for calculation of ETc on apricot (Aybatan variety), ...
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Accurate determination of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is an important factor in precision irrigation, irrigation planning, and water productivity. The present research aimed to study the impact of the meteorological data based (daily and long period) for calculation of ETc on apricot (Aybatan variety), irrigation planning and consumptive water. The study was conducted in Karaj region for two years based on randomized blocks design where three irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3) were applied and each treatment consisted of three blocks with four replications. In I1, daily evapotranspiration was calculated based on daily weather data collected by using a µMETOS weather station system. In I2, calculation was based on long-term climatic data, and in I3, irrigation was based on farmers’ practices and was used as the control. According to the results, water use efficiency (WUE) was 3.33 kg/m3 in I1 and 1.99 and 1.29 kg/m3 in I2 and I3, respectively. Variance analysis results indicated that there was significant difference (at one percent level) in yield and WUE between the treatments and different blocks. Accordingly, comparison of the average yield and WUE by Duncan´s test indicated significant difference (at one percent level) between yield and water use efficiency of I1 and the other treatments. Indeed, in drip irrigation method, the maximum yield of apricot occurred where crop water requirement was based on daily weather data and resulted in 13% and 67% increase in, respectively, yield and WUE compared to long period weather data. It was concluded that applying real time weather data for planning irrigation management and scheduling was recommendable.
sh zangoui; h emami; a astaraei; a y
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid region such as Iran. By application of super absorbent, rain water can be saved in this region, thereby improving soil physical conditions and, consequently, reducing water stresses for plants. This research ...
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Drought stress is one of the most important factors that limit plant growth in arid and semi-arid region such as Iran. By application of super absorbent, rain water can be saved in this region, thereby improving soil physical conditions and, consequently, reducing water stresses for plants. This research was performed as a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and 3 replications to evaluate the effects of stockosorb super absorbent and irrigation on atriplex growth and some soil physical properties. The treatments included 5 levels of super absorbent (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 % w/w) and 3 irrigation intervals (daily, every 3 days, and every 5 days). The results showed that application of super absorbent had positive and significant effect on plant indices including height, wet and dry weight of shoots, wet and dry weight of roots, and root length (p<0.05). All indices had the highest values in the treatment consisting of 0.4% super absorbent and 3-days irrigation interval. In addition, application of super absorbent resulted in improved soil physical properties, so that due to super absorbent application, saturated and plant available water contents increased, but bulk density and electrical conductivity decreased significantly at p<0.05. Considering the results of this study and the limited water supply for plants in arid and semi-arid regions, application of 0.3% super absorbent in combination with 3-days irrigation interval can be recommended as a successful method to retain moisture and to increase atriplex growth.