7
reza saeidi
Abstract
For an accurate irrigation schedule, should be estimated the daily soil water depletion amount during the crop growth period. Soil water depletion is dependent to daily evapotranspiration amount. In this research, daily evapotranspiration of S.C 704 maize was measured in mini-lysimeter. Estimation of ...
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For an accurate irrigation schedule, should be estimated the daily soil water depletion amount during the crop growth period. Soil water depletion is dependent to daily evapotranspiration amount. In this research, daily evapotranspiration of S.C 704 maize was measured in mini-lysimeter. Estimation of daily evapotranspiration was done by continuous measurement of soil moisture. Leaves stomatal resistance was measured as daily, and by AP4 Porometer device. Soil water allowable depletion limit in four growth stages of initial(C1), development(C2), mid(C3) and late(C4), was determined based on the leaves stomatal resistance response. The time of leaves stomatal resistance increasing (at each growth stage) relative to control crops, was the time of readily available water ending and doing of new irrigation. Main factor was included of growth stage effect on crop evapotranspiration and water depletion coefficient amounts, which was investigated in a completely randomized basic design, with three replications. Regression functions (models) were used for simulation of soil water allowable depletion coefficient (P) based on the daily evapotranspiration (ETc). The models were calibrated by daily data in initial and development stages, and they were evaluated by daily data in mid and late stages. The FAO-56 linear model was compared with introduced models in this research. The results showed that maize ETc (S.C 704) rate in initial, development, mid, and late stages was in the range of 1.5-4.5, 3.9-7.1, 1.4-7.5, and 0.2-2.1 mm.d-1, respectively. The allowable soil water depletion limit in mentioned stages was calculated as 0.45, 0.66, 0.61 and 0.7, respectively. Different sensitivity in crop growth stages was caused that, readily available water limit not be constant in growth period. The ETc increasing was caused a decreasing in P coefficient, and ETc decreasing was caused an increasing in P coefficient, in growth stages. Linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, power, and FAO-56 linear functions, were investigated. Polynomial function with statistical indices of RMSE=0.00035, NRMSE=0.054, ME=0.0008, CRM=-000005, R2=0.999 and EF=0.999, was the optimal model in estimation of P coefficient. The reason of weak performance in FAO-56 model, was considering the constant limit for readily available water and mean ETc rate in growing season. Therefore, the FAO-56 model was modified. The research result was to estimate the soil water allowable depletion coefficient (by using ETc), without daily measurement of soil moisture. This method will be useful in irrigation scheduling with short rounds, especially. So that, the suitable time and volume of irrigation are determined for water loss prevention.
7
raham mohtashami
Abstract
In most arid and semi-arid areas, water limitations are one of the main reasons for the reduced plant growth and yield under irrigation and dry land (rainfed) conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the morphophysiological responses of rapeseed cultivars to supplementary irrigation and dryland ...
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In most arid and semi-arid areas, water limitations are one of the main reasons for the reduced plant growth and yield under irrigation and dry land (rainfed) conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the morphophysiological responses of rapeseed cultivars to supplementary irrigation and dryland conditions. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in the Gachsaran Agricultural Research Station. Irrigation treatments were at four levels (no irrigation=I0, supplementary irrigation at flowering stage=I1, supplementary irrigation at grain filling stage=I2, and supplementary irrigation at flowering stage+ grain filling=I3) in the main plot, and cultivars Hayola 401, R. J. S, and Shirali as factorial in the sub-plots. The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, and oil percentage compared to rainfed conditions. With supplementary irrigation, the weight of 1000 grains increased by 32% compared to rainfed. Grain yield increased from 755 in rainfed conditions to 2350 kg.ha-1 with two supplementary irrigations. With two supplementary irrigations, the oil content increased by 11.8% compared to the rainfed conditions. In all irrigation treatments, grain yield and oil content of Hayola 401 were higher than R. J. S and Shirali cultivars. In general, supplementary irrigation improved morphophysiological traits, yield, and percentage of grain oil. In rainfed rapeseed cultivation, with supplemental irrigations at flowering and grain filling, water productivity increased from 0.21 to 0.53 kg m-3 grain yield from 755 to 2350 kg ha-1 and oil percentage from 35.4 to 36.9.
7
Solmaz Mokarram; Javad Behmanesh; Vahid Rezaverdinejad
Abstract
Biochar as a porous material is rich in biological carbon in a stable form. Its structure is capable to store water and nutrients. Therefore, it is used for retention of such materials, especially in sandy soils. Biochar can improve water productivity in the agricultural sector in drought stress condition ...
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Biochar as a porous material is rich in biological carbon in a stable form. Its structure is capable to store water and nutrients. Therefore, it is used for retention of such materials, especially in sandy soils. Biochar can improve water productivity in the agricultural sector in drought stress condition to achieve food security in the world. In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation and biochar on yield of coriander in a coarse-grained soil under water stress, this research was conducted using a factorial manner and a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The experimental treatments included three levels of irrigation: 100%, 75%, and 50% of the plant water requirement, and three levels of biochar application: 0, 2.5%, and 5% of the weight of each pot, which totally included 27 treatments. Irrigation was applied on the basis of plant requirement and soil water content below field capacity and the applied water was measured during the growing season. For each pot, quantitative parameters including weights of dry and wet plant, stem, leaf, and root were accurately measured. The results showed that the effects of irrigation levels and biochar on some measured parameters were significant at the probability level of 1% and 5%. The results demonstrate that by applying deficit irrigation, the measured quantitative parameters and plant yield decreased. The highest value of the parameters was obtained from the treatment of 100% water requirement and use of biochar up to the level of 2.5% of the soil. Therefore, applying suitable amount of the biochar as soil amendment improves coriander plant's growth and yield.
7
Mohammad Reza Yazdani; Ebrahim Asadi Oskouei; Asghar Rahmani; Naser Davatgar; Bahareh Delsouz Khaki
Abstract
In order to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in the amount of water required for puddling in rice fields of the Sapidroud Network, daily soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite was obtained and used in a seven-year period (2015 to 2021). The puddling stage (from April 20 to June 10) was analyzed ...
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In order to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in the amount of water required for puddling in rice fields of the Sapidroud Network, daily soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite was obtained and used in a seven-year period (2015 to 2021). The puddling stage (from April 20 to June 10) was analyzed after grouping based on different probability of occurrence (1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90% and 99%) and using raster calculations. In addition, in order to validate the calculations, the predicted values were compared with the saturated soil moisture values of 321 soil samples with specific geographic coordinates that had been measured by the Rice Research Institute of Iran. The comparison was conducted by using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE), and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE). The results showed that in all moisture scenarios (from the wettest to driest), the foothills had less moisture than the plain and, especially, the low lands, and the soil moisture showed a decreasing trend during the growing period. The rate of this reduction increased gradually and in some areas it reached 2% per day at the end of the puddling period (May 22 to 31). The amount of gross water required for puddling increased from the wettest to the driest year and in the middle of the season (May 3 to 5) it was from 1693 to 2983 square meters per hectare and at the end of the season from 2496 to 3602 m3/ha, respectively. The validation results showed that the calculated MAE, MBE, and NRMSE values were 4.26%, 1.59%, and 15%, respectively, indicating that the accuracy is acceptable. The findings showed that the delay in the start of the puddling operation increases the water required for puddling operation (1.34 m3/ha for each day delay in a normal year). Therefore, in the lands of this network, in all circumstances, especially in dry years, to save water, it is better to release/supply water required for puddling from local reservoirs, wells, or from the Sepidroud Dam in early May.
7
Marziyeh Aliabadi; MohammadHosien Najafimood; Abbas Khashei Siuki; Ali Shahidi
Abstract
Considering the limited water resources and the high rate of evaporation, water crisis is one of the most important issues in the country. Due to the importance of Flixweed as a medicinal plant, its water requirement and its single and dual plant coefficients were investigated in the lysimeter laboratory ...
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Considering the limited water resources and the high rate of evaporation, water crisis is one of the most important issues in the country. Due to the importance of Flixweed as a medicinal plant, its water requirement and its single and dual plant coefficients were investigated in the lysimeter laboratory of University of Birjand. For this purpose, six lysimeters (of the water balance type) with a diameter of 60 cm and a height of 100 cm were used. Inside all six lysimeters, Flixweed plants were planted with a density of 20 plants/m2, then, evaporation and transpiration were calculated using the water balance equation. Evaporation and transpiration of grass reference was measured directly by three lysimeters and its average was 322 mm. Then, plant coefficients were calculated for four stages of growth (initial, development, middle, and end). In this research, the average values of evaporation and transpiration, evaporation from the soil surface, and transpiration from the target plant were obtained as 202, 23, and 179 mm, respectively. Finally, the individual plant coefficients for the four initial, development, middle and final stages were 0.52, 0.68, 0.96 and 0.57, respectively, and the basic plant coefficients were 0.38, 0.59, 0.94 and 0.52 mm. In general, considering the climate of South Khorasan Province, Flixweed plant is recommended for cultivation due to its low water requirement.
7
Mehdi akbari; Fariborz Abbasi; Abolfazl Nasseri; Afshin Gomrokchi; mostafa goodarzi; Amir Eslami; masoud Farzamnia; r alimohammadi; Nader Kouhi Chellehkaran; Reza Bahramloo; Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi; seyed abolghassem Haghayeghi moghaddam; Ardalan Zolfagharan; Jamal Ahmadaali; Mohamad Abasi; Hamid Riahi; Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam
Abstract
In this study, volume of irrigation water, water productivity, and yield of alfalfa were measured in 300 farms in Zanjan, Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hamedan, East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan-Razavi, Isfahan, West Azerbaijan, Central, Qazvin and Kerman provinces under farmers management and surface ...
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In this study, volume of irrigation water, water productivity, and yield of alfalfa were measured in 300 farms in Zanjan, Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hamedan, East Azerbaijan, Semnan, Khorasan-Razavi, Isfahan, West Azerbaijan, Central, Qazvin and Kerman provinces under farmers management and surface and sprinkler irrigation, various water sources, different water salinities, soil conditions, and varieties, during the growing season of 2018-2019. The results showed that the difference between average volumes of water applied by farmers, yield, and water productivity, in the studied sites were significant at 1% probability level. The average amount of applied water by farmers was 8502, 8901, 9226, 9459, 11481, 12796, 14311, 14821, 15198, 15916, 18351 and 23920 m3/ha, respectively, and the average was 13284 m3/ha. The dry yield of alfalfa varied from 2500 to 30000 kg/ha with an average of 13841 kg/ha. Irrigation water productivity varied from 0.2 to 4.5 and its average was 1.28 kg/m3. The average irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity for alfalfa was 1.19 kg/m3. The results showed that the average applied water and alfalfa yield in surface and sprinkler irrigation methods were 15076 and 10653 m3/ha, respectively, (p<1%). These results showed that in sprinkler irrigation method, applied water was 30% less and irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity was 41% higher. Accordingly, in order to reduce the volume of irrigation water and improve alfalfa water productivity, it is recommended to use sprinkler method in suitable climatic conditions where irrigation water is of good quality and the technical criteria of design, implementation, operation, and economic considerations are met.
7
Ali Abdzad Gohari; Amir Nik Akhtar; Niazali Ebrahimipak; Arash Tafteh
Abstract
Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI) has presented NIAZAB system to estimate and determine crops water requirement, water consumption, and irrigation planning at the scale of region, district, and plains in Iran. The current research was conducted in order to use NIAZAB system (including Tafteh, ...
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Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI) has presented NIAZAB system to estimate and determine crops water requirement, water consumption, and irrigation planning at the scale of region, district, and plains in Iran. The current research was conducted in order to use NIAZAB system (including Tafteh, Pasquale and Reas methods) in determining the amount of water used for soybean cv. Williams, based on the inverse solution of the production function. The experimental treatments in this research included no fertilizer and application of of 150 kg N ha-1 and different irrigation treatments including 100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% of water requirement. Experimental design was split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications, and was conducted in Hajiabad Region, Hormozgan Province, in 2020 and 2021. The values estimated by the system and measured showed that, in the first year, the average relative error (ARE) in eatimation of evapotranspirationin by Tafteh, Pasquale and Reas methods were 7.49%, -0.05%, and 9.14%, respectively. In the second year, these values were 6.47%, -1.29%, and 9.06%, respectively. The ARE in the physical water productivity in the mentioned methods was -8.23%, -0.73%, and -10.08% in the first year, and -7.10%, 0.58%, and -10.07% in the second year, respectively. In Tafteh, Pasquale, and Reas methods, the root mean square error (RMSE) were 43, 35, and 49 mm, respectively, and the normalized root mean square error (RMSEn) were 0.093%, 0.076%, and 0.105%, respectively. Considering the results, NIAZAB system estimated the amount of irrigation water and evapotranspiration with acceptable approximation and it can be used for estimation of water consumption in the studied area.
7
Mohammad Reza yazdani; Hadis Sadeghi; Ebrahim Asadi Oskouei; Saeedeh kouzegaran; Bahareh Delsouz Khaki
Abstract
Changes in evapotranspiration values of rice plants in non-northern regions of the country were estimated for three different planting dates (early, on time and late planting) and with four different probabilities of 75%, 50%, 25%, and 10% (years with low, medium, high, and very high evapotranspiration, ...
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Changes in evapotranspiration values of rice plants in non-northern regions of the country were estimated for three different planting dates (early, on time and late planting) and with four different probabilities of 75%, 50%, 25%, and 10% (years with low, medium, high, and very high evapotranspiration, respectively), using the Penman-Monteith Equation and meteorological data of 15 stations with a statistical period of 30 years (1990-2020). The crop coefficient of rice in different stages of growth were calculated as an average in 10-day periods based on the Weibull Model. The results showed that, in all non-northern climatic regions, adopting an early planting strategy leads to a reduction in water requirement in all evapotranspiration scenarios. Adopting early planting strategy in years with very high evapotranspiration reduces the water requirement of rice in hot, cold and temperate regions by 125.9, 113.5, and 115 mm, respectively, during the growing season (on average 0.7 to 9. 0 mm per day) compared to late planting. However, in cold and temperate climates, there was no big difference between early planting and timely planting and even late planting. So, it is better to use late planting to avoid the possibility of late frosts. Comparison of the results of evapotranspiration rate of rice plant in all planting dates and different probability levels in cold, moderate, hot and very hot climate regions showed that the highest evapotranspiration rate is related to the hot region at the rate of 1021, and moderate and cold regions have much lower evapotranspiration rate than hot regions with evaporation rates of 784.8 and 729 mm, respectively. Therefore, considering the lack of water resources and the negative effects of climate change in arid or semi-arid regions such as Iran, it is better to avoid rice cultivation in hot regions, especially in years with high evapotranspiration. Also, it is better that in cold and temperate regions, the type of irrigation management and the design of structures and water systems should be adapted to the calculations of years with high evapotranspiration.
7
Hassan Ojaghlou; Mohammad Mahdi Jafari; Mohammad BabaAkbari Sari; Farhad Ojaghlou; Farhad Misaghi
Abstract
In this study, water productivity in six vineyards under surface and six under drip irrigation systems was measured in Zanjan Province, then, the effect of modified irrigation schedule to improve water productivity was investigated in two selected vineyards. The average volume of applied irrigation water ...
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In this study, water productivity in six vineyards under surface and six under drip irrigation systems was measured in Zanjan Province, then, the effect of modified irrigation schedule to improve water productivity was investigated in two selected vineyards. The average volume of applied irrigation water in vineyards with surface and drip irrigation systems was 6929 and 5418 m3.ha-1, respectively. Also, the average of water productivity indices, Gross Benefit, and Net Benefit were obtained as 2.9 kg.m-3, 91.5, and 55.4 thousand Rials.m-3 in vineyards with surface system and 3.6 kg.m-3, 112.4, and 59 thousand Rials.m-3 in vineyards with drip system. In terms of water productivity index, drip irrigation was relatively superior to the surface method. In most of the monitored vineyards, the applied irrigation schedule was not in accordance with the net irrigation requirement. The results of the modified irrigation schedule indicated that water productivity could be improved by 24.7%.
7
Gholam Reza Pourshaban Kateshali; Gholam-Ali Akbari; Iraj Alahdadi; elias Soltani
Abstract
To evaluate the changes in essential oil and chemical compounds of ginger plant under the influence of irrigation interval and NPK macronutrients, an experiment was carried out using randomized complete blocks in the form of a split plot with 9 treatments and 3 replications in Pakdasht Region, in 2021. ...
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To evaluate the changes in essential oil and chemical compounds of ginger plant under the influence of irrigation interval and NPK macronutrients, an experiment was carried out using randomized complete blocks in the form of a split plot with 9 treatments and 3 replications in Pakdasht Region, in 2021. Treatments included irrigation internals at three levels: V1=4, V2=6, and V3=8 days, as the main factor, and NPK at three levels, F1= (N: 300, P: 100, K: 200), F2= (350, 150, 250), F3 :( 250, 50, 150) (kg.ha-1) as the sub-factor. Extraction of essential oil in this research was done by distillation with water using a Cloninger machine, and the analysis of essential oil compounds was done by gas chromatograph, and 34 chemical compounds were identified. The main components of essential oil in terms of percentage included (α-zingiberene=23.65), (geranial=11.09), (camphene=9.58), (β-sesquiphellandrene =8.43), (β-bisabolene=3.75) and (α-curcumene=2.6). These 6 compounds included 59.1% of the total ginger essential oil, and the other 28 compounds made up only 40.9% of the total essential oil. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation and studied fertilizers on essential oil and main compounds of ginger essential oil were significant at the 1% probability level. The best treatments for essential oil and camphene traits were V1F3, geranial V3F2, α-zingiberene V1F2, and for three traits of α-curcumene, β-bisabolene, and β-sesquiphellandrene was V3F3. Some of the compounds in ginger essential oil were increased by optimal irrigation and supply of essential nutrients for the plant, but some compounds increased under water stress and insufficiency of NPK.
7
Majid Smaeli; Hamid Madani; Bahram Majdnasiri; Saeed Chavoshi; Noorali Sajedi
Abstract
To investigate sensitivity indicators of five new sunflower cultivars under water stress conditions in terms of drought tolerance (DT) and water use efficiency (WUE), a split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2020 in the Braun ...
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To investigate sensitivity indicators of five new sunflower cultivars under water stress conditions in terms of drought tolerance (DT) and water use efficiency (WUE), a split plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in 2020 in the Braun Area of Isfahan Province, Iran. The surface irrigation treatments included three levels based on evaporation from class A evaporation pan: 90 (no-stress), 120 (mild stress), and 150 mm (severe stress), as the main factor, and sunflower hybrids Chiara, Oscar, Fantasia, Hysun33, and Shams, as the secondary factors. Indicators such as economic yield (EY), biological yield (BY), WUE, harvest index (HI) and DT were analyzed. The highest rates of HI (43%), WPe (4854 kg.ha-1), and BY (13457 kg.ha-1) were obtained from no-stress treatment, followed by 120 mm treatment. Among the cultivars, Fantasia variety with BY equal to 12268 kg.ha-1, economic yield (4081kg.ha-1), and HI of 43% had the highest values. The highest WUE was obtained in the conditions of mild stress and severe stress equal to 0.85 and 0.72 kg.m-3, respectively. Among sunflower cultivars, the highest WUE belonged to Hysun 33 with 1.04 kg.m-3. Fantasia with 0.96 kg.m-3and Shams with 0.84 kg.m-3 ranked next. Also, the lowest values of WUE were related to Oscar and Chiara cultivars with values of 0.81 and 0.75 kg.m-3, respectively. In total, deficit irrigation in the 120 mm treatment had the least negative effect on yield and harvest index, and it was suitable in terms of WUE. Finally, Fantasia showed the highest BY, DT, and HI with suitable WUE.
7
Majid Alihouri
Abstract
The amount of agricultural water consumption and water waste can be reduced by properly adjusting the irrigation schedule of plants based on the precise determination of the water requirement of each plant. This research was carried out to determine water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date ...
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The amount of agricultural water consumption and water waste can be reduced by properly adjusting the irrigation schedule of plants based on the precise determination of the water requirement of each plant. This research was carried out to determine water requirement and crop coefficient of Barhee date palm. Three drainage lysimeters were applied to measure date palm evapotranspiration. The amounts of date palm evapotranspiration and reference evapotranspiration were calculated using soil water balance equation and Penman-Monteith method, respectively. The results showed that water requirement of 6, 7, and 8 years old date palm were 1493, 1613 and 1695 mm, respectively, while the amounts of reference evapotranspiration were 2070, 1950, and 1945 mm, respectively. The amount of date palm water requirement increased by 8%, for 6 to 7 years-old and 7.8% for 7 to 8 years. The crop coefficient of 6 years old date palm varied in the range of 0.54-0.80. The minimum crop coefficient was in November, while the maximum was in June and July. For the 7 and 8 years old date palm, crop coefficient varied in the range of 0.62-0.97 and 0.47-1.01, respectively. In 7 and 8 years old date palm, the minimum crop coefficient was in November and the maximum was in August.
7
parvin zolfaghary; Abutaleb Hezarjaribi; Mohamad Esmail Asadi; Ebrahim Amiri
Abstract
Rice is one of the important food products that is generally transplanted. The rice “dry seeding method (DSM)” is a new approach that has provided an opportunity to increase water productivity. In this research, changing the cultivation method from transplanting to DSM and using pressurized ...
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Rice is one of the important food products that is generally transplanted. The rice “dry seeding method (DSM)” is a new approach that has provided an opportunity to increase water productivity. In this research, changing the cultivation method from transplanting to DSM and using pressurized irrigation instead of flooding method was studied in 5 rice fields in Golestan Province. The field with flood irrigation method was considered as the control treatment. Other fields were cultivated in dry soil and irrigated by drip and sprinkler methods. The results showed that, in all parameters related to grain yield and yield components, the field with flood irrigation method had higher values. Economic study at the different growth stages with different irrigation methods showed that by changing the planting method and removing the puddling in rice field, 4000 to 7000 cubic meters of water can be saved. Comparison between different irrigation methods showed that the sprinkler irrigation had a higher average yield (4998 kg/ha) than drip irrigation) 4426 kg/ha(. With 30% yield reduction, this method saved 61% in water use, which is a significant amount. The highest and lowest physical (0.53 and 0.3 kg/m3) and economical productivity rates (141,791 and 82,704 Rials/m3) were related to sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation, respectively, which show very low water productivity in the rice fields of the province. This shows the need to increase water productivity under the current climatic conditions of the country.
7
farzane golestanifar; abbas khashei; sohrab mahmoodi
Abstract
Estimating potential evapotranspiration values is very important for calculating the water requirement in line with agricultural planning for different crops. For this purpose, in the present study, three polyethylene lysimeters with drains and completely sealed, with a diameter of 60 cm and a height ...
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Estimating potential evapotranspiration values is very important for calculating the water requirement in line with agricultural planning for different crops. For this purpose, in the present study, three polyethylene lysimeters with drains and completely sealed, with a diameter of 60 cm and a height of 100 cm were used to determine the crop coefficient and water requirement of quinoa. Titicaca quinoa seeds were planted on May 7, 2019, with 60 plants/m2. The soil moisture level was recorded by TDR and also the drainage output in each lysimeter was measured before irrigation. In order to measure potential evapotranspiration, the equations of Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle (based on temperature) and Priestley-Taylor (based on radiation) were used. The results showed that the total amount of potential evapotranspiration during the growing season according to the FAO Penman-Monteith (ETo) method was 720 mm, according to the Blaney-Criddle method 581 mm, and according to the Priestley-Taylor method, 754 mm, while the total evapotranspiration of quinoa (ETc) in lysimeters was 553 mm. Also, the value of quinoa crop coefficient (Kc) in the first stage (21 days period), second stage (26 days period), third stage (38 days period) and fourth stage of quinoa growth (34 days period) using the Penman-Monteith method was equal to 0.42, 0.66, 1.03 and 0.71, in Blaney-Criddle method, 0.54, 0.88, 1.28 and 0.82, and in Priestley-Taylor method 0.40, 0.62, 0.97 and 0.68, respectively. These results show the Penman-Monteith method, as the best method, can be used as a criterion for determining the potential evapotranspiration, but the Blaney-Criddle method needs to be calibrated in the region.
7
atefeh roudbari; ali bagheri
Abstract
Unfortunately, at some meteorological stations, there are no facilities for measurement of some weather parameters, so, they should be estimated. Therefore, determining the correctness of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) method by using the estimated data is very important. Based on this, the objective ...
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Unfortunately, at some meteorological stations, there are no facilities for measurement of some weather parameters, so, they should be estimated. Therefore, determining the correctness of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) method by using the estimated data is very important. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the Penman-Monteith method for estimating ETo in Mazandaran Province, Iran, when solar radiation (Rs), vapor pressure (ed) and relative humidity (RH) data are not available. Data of Sari, Qarakheil, and Amol synoptic stations were used to compare the estimated ETo by the Penman-Monteith method for the complete and limited data sets. The results showed that when RH and ed data were missing, the Penman-Monteith method was still a very good option for estimating ETo in Sari, Ghaemshahr and Amol station, with RMSE values smaller than 0.3 mm day-1. However, when Rs was missing, the Penman-Monteith method was not good enough for estimating ETo, and RMSE increased to more than 1 mm day-1. The results also showed that solar radiation was the most effective parameter on ETo estimation and both vapor pressure and relative humidity had the same effect on ETo estimation.
7
mansour esmaily; mohamad reza dadashi; mohamad taghi fayz bakhsh; kami kaboosi; fatemeh shaikh
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of grain corn in the climatic conditions of Gorgan,an experiment was conducted using split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Araghi Mahaleh Research Station of Gorgan, ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the yield and water productivity of grain corn in the climatic conditions of Gorgan,an experiment was conducted using split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replicates at the Araghi Mahaleh Research Station of Gorgan, in 2021. The main factor was irrigation treatments at four levels (100% (control), 75%, 50%, and 25% of corn water requirement) and was done based on soil sampling for moisture determination and use of drip irrigation by tape, and the secondary factor consisted of four corn varieties (SC703, SC704, ZP548, BK50). The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation factor was significant (p< 1%) on the examined traits, except the number of rows in the ear. The effect of cultivars on all traits (number of rows per ear, days until earing, plant height, number of seeds per row, weight of 1000 seeds, length of ear, dry weight of stem and leaves, dry weight of cob wood, grain yield, yield, water productivity, and leaf proline) was also significant (p< 1%). Additionally, interaction of deficit-irrigation and cultivars on the traits of the number of rows of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds and seed yield was significant. Comparing the averages showed that the highest seed yield (7722 kg/ha) was observed in the control treatment and the seed yield of the 75%, 50% and 25% treatments compared to the control was 6.8%, 52.4%, and 82% less, respectively. ZP548 hybrid had the highest seed yield (5576 kg/ha) and the highest amount of proline was obtained from the 25% water demand treatment (9.91 μmol/g). The highest water productivity was observed in the 75% treatment (1.07 kg/m3). Considering the large volume of water saving (2258 m3/ha) in this treatment, irrigation is recommended based on 75% of water requirement and cultivation of ZP548 variety in Gorgan region.
7
Saber Jamali; Hossein Ansari; Abbas Safarizadeh Sani
Abstract
To investigate the interaction of magnetic water and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of marigold, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2019, using pot ...
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To investigate the interaction of magnetic water and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of marigold, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2019, using pot culture with 3 replications. Treatments included 4 irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of field capacity) and 2 types of water (normal water and magnetic water). The results showed that different levels of irrigation on all traits (except physical water productivity which was significant at a 5% level) were significant (P <0.01). Effects of magnetic water on the dry weight of lateral branches and flowers, number of flowers and physical water productivity were significant (at P <0.01); and on the dry weight of flowering stems and leaves, number of leaves and lateral branches were also significant (at P <0.05). The interaction effect of the studied treatments was significant (P <0.01) on the number of leaves; and on the dry weight of roots, flowers, and flowering stems (P <0.05). The highest dry weights of leaves and flowering stems, number of flowers, number of leaves and lateral branches, height and physical water productivity were in irrigation with 100% field capacity and were, respectively, 1.77 and 0.37 g/plant, 7 and 6, 18.4 cm and 0.186 kg/m3. Also, reducing irrigation water by 15%, 30%, and 45% reduced the number of flowers by 25.7%, 32.8%, and 54.3%; and the physical water productivity by 18.8%, 21.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. The highest dry weight of flowers, roots, and lateral branches were observed in magnetic water + irrigation with 100% field capacity, as 0.29, 0.5, and 0.74 g/plant, respectively. The results showed that using a magnetic field increased flower yield and water productivity of Marigold plants under water stress. In this study, the best treatment was 0.6 teslas magnetized water+ 100%FC. However, to apply these stresses at the field level, more research is needed.
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Mehdi Akbari; Fariborz Abbasi; Abolazal Nasseri; Mohammad Ali Shahrokhnia; Mohammad Khorramian; Masoud Farzamnia; majid keramati targhi; Azarakhs Azizi; Mohamad Abasi; Eshag Zare; Hasan Khosravi; Esmaeil Moghbeli; Mohammad Mehdi Nakhjavanimoghaddam; Nader Abbasi; Javad Baghani
Abstract
This project was implemented with the aim of measuring water applied to onion under farmers’ management in 190 selected sites at the production hubs of onion in Iran including Azarbaijan Sharghi, Isfahan, Khusestan, Zanjan, Kerman, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, and Hormozgan provinces. ...
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This project was implemented with the aim of measuring water applied to onion under farmers’ management in 190 selected sites at the production hubs of onion in Iran including Azarbaijan Sharghi, Isfahan, Khusestan, Zanjan, Kerman, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Khorasan Shomali, and Hormozgan provinces. According to the results, differences between the average volumes of irrigation water in those provinces, different irrigation methods, various sources and salinities of irrigation water and soil, and different onion varieties were significant (p<1%), during the growing season of 2020-2021. The average amount of applied water by farmers in those provinces was 9502, 13273, 9740, 16588, 9618, 13880, 11998, 8438 and 7057 m3/ha, respectively, with the weighted average of 10823 m3/ha. The onion yield in selected sites, varied from 20000 to 90000 kg/ha, with an average of 49980 kg/ha. The measured values were compared with the net irrigation water requirement estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith method and with the National Water Document values. The results showed that the differences between average volumes of applied water by farmers, yield and irrigation water productivity, and irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity in the selected sites were significant at 5% probability level. Irrigation water productivity varied from 3.13 to 6.30 kg/m3 and its average was 4.93 kg/m3. The average irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity for onion in Iran was 4.50 kg/m3. The average net irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method and the National Water Document were 8834 and 6972 m3/ha, respectively. These results showed that the average applied water in surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation methods were 11453, 12740 and 10317 m3/ha, respectively, with significant (p<5%) difference. These results showed that in drip irrigation method, applied water was 10% lesser while irrigation water plus effective rainfall productivity was 35% higher. Transplanting seedling compared to direct seeding caused 14.7% reduction in applied water and 16.7% increase in water productivity. According to the results of this study, drip irrigation and transplanting method for onion fields is recommended.
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Farzin Parchami-Araghi; Fariborz Abbasi; Keramat Akhavan
Abstract
In this study, the seasonal applied water and physical and economic water productivity of soybean were evaluated through monitoring 37 farmers’ fields (with furrow/border irrigation systems) in Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province, Iran, during the 2020-21 growing season. The net soybean water requirement ...
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In this study, the seasonal applied water and physical and economic water productivity of soybean were evaluated through monitoring 37 farmers’ fields (with furrow/border irrigation systems) in Moghan Plain, Ardabil Province, Iran, during the 2020-21 growing season. The net soybean water requirement during that growing season and its 10-year mean value ranged from 431-691 mm and 442-671 mm with a mean of 542 and 543 mm, respectively. The mean seasonal total applied water (irrigation + effective precipitation) and the grain yield were 6554 m3 ha-1 and 2.90 ton ha-1, ranging from 5005-10009 m3 ha-1 and 2.05-4.12 ton ha-1, respectively. The mean seasonal total applied water for spring soybean (7906 m3 ha-1) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than its corresponding value for summer soybean (6390 m3 ha-1). Total water productivity (WPI+Pe) and economic water productivity (WP$) ranged from 0.18 to 0.30 kg m-3 and 15.21 ´ 103 to 62.40 ´ 103 Rials m-3 with a mean of 0.24 kg m-3 and 33.19 ´ 103 Rials m-3, respectively. In most of the studied farms (70% of total cases), the grain yield was higher than the minimum expected threshold for irrigated soybean (2.5 ton ha-1). The results indicated that reasonable levels of grain yield and water productivity indices can be achieved by applying five and three irrigations for spring and summer soybean, respectively. The mean water application efficiency over soybean growth stages in the studied fields ranged between 50-82%.
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Reza Mohammadikia; ali ashraf sadraddini; amir hossein nazemi; Reza delearhasannia; ajdar onnabi milani
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the crop coefficient of sugar beet using canopy cover extracted from digital images under different irrigation managements. The crop coefficient and canopy cover were directly measured by water balance and image processing methods, respectively, in 10 days intervals during ...
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This study aimed to determine the crop coefficient of sugar beet using canopy cover extracted from digital images under different irrigation managements. The crop coefficient and canopy cover were directly measured by water balance and image processing methods, respectively, in 10 days intervals during the growing season. The crop coefficient of sugar beet in three irrigation managements with maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of 40%, 60%, and 80%, was estimated using its regression equation with canopy cover. This was modeled for potential conditions and then validated by using the average measurements in two years. The findings showed that the estimated crop coefficients were in good agreement with the observations in irrigation managements that had MAD of 40% and 60%. The coefficient of determination (R2), normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE), and model efficiency (EF) were 0.95, 0.11 and 0.95, for 40% MAD, 0.9, 0.13 and 0.85 for 60% MAD, respectively. The results illustrate that the crop coefficient of sugar beet, within the moisture range between field capacity to a MAD of 60%, can be reliably estimated by this approach. The values of determination coefficient (R2), normalized Root Mean Square Error (nRMSE) and model efficiency (EF) decreased to 0.49, 0.37 and 0.63, respectively, for 80% MAD, indicating poor performance of the model under severe drought stress conditions. The proposed method has some advantages including easy and fast data collection, greater accuracy and lower cost, the ability to provide the desired number of images, and no need for meteorological data. Therefore, this can be applied to study the plant growth and crop coefficient variations during the growth period.
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reza saeidi
Abstract
For irrigation planning, parameters such as actual crop water needs (transpiration) and water losses (evaporation) are considered. In this research, for management of deficit irrigation, the amounts of maize evapotranspiration components were simulated under water stress conditions. Water stress was ...
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For irrigation planning, parameters such as actual crop water needs (transpiration) and water losses (evaporation) are considered. In this research, for management of deficit irrigation, the amounts of maize evapotranspiration components were simulated under water stress conditions. Water stress was applied by reducing the soil water, relative to the readily available water. Four treatments were defined as depletion of the available soil water by 40% (I0), 55% (I1), 70% (I2), and 85% (I3). The amounts of maize evapotranspiration and its components (transpiration and evaporation rates separately) were measured in a mini-lysimeter. The seasonal total values of evapotranspiration and components of transpiration and evaporation were equal to 443, 319 and 124 mm (I0), 401, 282 and 119 mm (I1), 303, 211 and 92 mm (I2), and 201, 127 and 74 mm (I3), respectively. Soil water deficiency reduced the evapotranspiration and its components relative to the normal conditions (treatment I0). Reduction of evaporation losses was favorable point in this deficit irrigation method (long irrigation interval). Transpiration and evaporation values were simulated based on the evapotranspiration data (in I0), evapotranspiration stress coefficient (Ks), and crop growth stage sensitivity (Kpi). For this purpose, we used the linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, and power functions as the regression models. By using the actual data, unknown coefficients in the functions were estimated by SPSS software and regression models were generated. Statistical analyses showed that the linear function (R2= 0.91) and polynomial function (R2= 0.874) were the optimal models for estimation of transpiration and evaporation components (under water stress conditions), respectively. The actual water requirement of crop and evaporation losses can be estimated more accurately by separate estimation of evapotranspiration components. This would provide a suitable criterion for irrigation planning and calculation of water use efficiency.
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Ali Morshedi; Hossein Jafari; azhdar Onabi Milani
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of wheat using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and compare with data measured by lysimeters in two study sites in Tabriz and Karaj during three growing seasons (1396-1399). Values of actual evapotranspiration of wheat ...
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The aim of this study was to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of wheat using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and compare with data measured by lysimeters in two study sites in Tabriz and Karaj during three growing seasons (1396-1399). Values of actual evapotranspiration of wheat during the growing seasons were calculated by two methods: a) using Landsat 8 satellite data through SEBAL, and b) using drained lysimeter data. Considering that evapotranspiration in SEBAL is in actual conditions and lysimeters provide evapotranspiration in potential conditions (standard situation without any limitation), to reduce errors, remote sensing data were used for pixels that had moisture conditions similar to standard lysimeters conditions. Comparison of actual evapotranspiration obtained from SEBAL and lysimeter in both sites showed relatively good correlation. The coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.73 and 0.65 in, respectively, Karaj and Tabriz sites. In addition, using statistical parameters such as NRMSE, RMSE, MAE, and MBE showed that SEBAL actual evapotranspiration data and lysimeteric data were, relatively, in agreement in the two study sites. However, in most cases, evapotranspiration values by SEBAL were greater than values measured by the lysimeter. In general, considering the advantages of the SEBAL, it is suggested this technology be used to estimate the actual evapotranspiration of wheat in large-scale areas.
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hassan osooli; Ahmad Karimi; Hossin Shirani
Abstract
The use of organic waste in the form of biochar in order to ameliorate soil is a novel approach in the management of organic waste. In previous studies, researchers mostly focused on the amount of biochar that was added to the soil. However, the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics ...
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The use of organic waste in the form of biochar in order to ameliorate soil is a novel approach in the management of organic waste. In previous studies, researchers mostly focused on the amount of biochar that was added to the soil. However, the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of biochars prepared from different feedstock (wheat straw, vermicompost and apricot firewood) and the interaction effects of amounts and particle sizes of biochars on yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat. In a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with three replications, the effects of these three biochars in the amount of 0.5% (R1), 1.5% (R2) and 3% (R3) with a particle size of ≤0.5 (S1), 0.5-1 (S2) and 1-2 (S3) mm were evaluated in two consecutive cropping years. The studied biochar were added to the soil only in the first year to a depth of 0-15 cm. A control plot was considered in each replication. The interactions of experimental factors (except interaction effect of year and biochar amount) on yield and WUE were significant. Comparison of average yield and WUE in each type of biochar showed that, in the first and second year, wheat straw biochar treatment of R3 S2 had the highest yield (5,200 kg ha-1 and 6664.3 kg ha-1, respectively) and WUE (1.6 kg m-3 and 2.1 kg m-3, respectively). In the first year, in vermicompost biochar treatments, the highest yield (4517.7 kg ha-1) and WUE (1.4 kg m-3) were observed in the R2 S3. In the same year, in apricot wood biochar, treatment R3 S3 had the highest yield (3871.7 kg ha-1) and WUE (1.2 kg m-3). In the second year, in vermicompost treatments, the highest yield (6615.7 kg ha-1) and WUE (2.04 kg m-3) was observed in the R3 S2 and, in the same year, in apricot wood biochar treatments, the highest yield (5263.7 kg ha-1) and WUE (1.6 kg m-3) was observed in the R2 S3. The highest yield and WUE (in the two years) was observed in wheat straw biochar with the R3 S2. These results showed that in addition to the type of biochar, the interaction of the amount and size of biochar particles had a decisive effect on increasing the yield and water use efficiency of wheat.
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Mahsa Rahimi pool; Davod Akbari Nodehi; Reza Asadi; Ali Bagheri; Fazl Shirdel Shahmiri
Abstract
Due to the importance of rice cultivation, especially in Mazandaran Province, it is necessary to plan carefully for the optimal use of water resources in the province in the agricultural sector, especially rice, to reduce water demand for rice production. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted ...
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Due to the importance of rice cultivation, especially in Mazandaran Province, it is necessary to plan carefully for the optimal use of water resources in the province in the agricultural sector, especially rice, to reduce water demand for rice production. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the form of a complete block-design with three replications and four treatments using Tarom Hashemi cultivar, during the 2021 crop year in the Rice Research Institute of Iran-Amol. Treatments included conventional planting with flood irrigation (T1) and drip irrigation (T2), transplanting in un-puddled bed with drip irrigation (T3) and direct seed cultivation in dry bed with drip irrigation (T4). The results showed that the cultivation method was effective on yield, plant height, water consumption and irrigation water, water productivity and water use efficiency and was statistically significant at 1% and 5% level of probablity. The highest and lowest yields belonged to T1 and T4 treatments with 4079 and 2876 kg/ha, respectively, and T2 had the highest water productivity with 0.61 kg/m3, which had no significant difference with T1. The lowest water productivity belonged to T4 with 0.45 kg/m3. The highest and lowest irrigation water productivity belonged to T2 and T1 with 0.67 and 0.52 kg/m3, respectively Based on the results, conventional planting with drip irrigation did not have a significant reduction in yield compared to conventional planting with flood irrigation and increased water productivity by saving water consumption Therefore, the conventional planting method with drip irrigation was recognized as the best treatment in this study.
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Norollah Jalali; Ali Shahnazari; MZ Ahamadi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mojtaba Rezaie
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation management on water requirement and crop coefficient of Hashemi and Kuhsar cultivars in the first crop. This experiment was carried out in Mahmoudabad District of Mazandaran Province in Iran in the form of factorial in a randomized ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation management on water requirement and crop coefficient of Hashemi and Kuhsar cultivars in the first crop. This experiment was carried out in Mahmoudabad District of Mazandaran Province in Iran in the form of factorial in a randomized complete block design, in two growing seasons of 2016-2018. The water requirements for the fields (from transplanting to harvest) and the crop coefficient of these two cultivars were studied in two systems of traditional flooding and system of rice intensification (SRI). The results showed that, in the first crop, the two-year average water requirements of Kohsar and Hashemi in SRI were 534 and 556 mm and for the traditional flooding system 623 and 632 mm, respectively. The water required by the farm in traditional flooding decreased by 13.1% in the SRI. Based on reference evapotranspiration using pan evaporation method for the three stages of vegetative, reproductive, and maturing, crop coefficient values for the flooding system for Kuhsar were, respectively, 1.14, 1.29, and 0.92; and for Hashemi, they were 1.18, 1.32, and 0.92. According to the obtained results, SRI causes significant savings in paddy water consumption, therefore, it is suggested that, due to water shortage in the country, this method be used as one of the adaptation strategies in rice fields.