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Fahimeh Karimpour; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; Vahid Akbarpour
Abstract
Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant ...
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Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant plants. One of these methods may be magnetizing irrigation water. In the present study, to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the fresh and dry weight, as well as the essential oil of the medicinal plant Maryam Goli (Salvia L.), a pot experiment was conducted in an open space using a factorial design and completely randomized layout with four replications. The experimental treatments included salinity of irrigation water prepared from different concentrations of Caspian Sea water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% mixing with well water) and a control treatment (well water), in both magnetic and non-magnetic conditions. Due to rainfall during the growth season, at the end of the experiment, the saturation extract salinity (EC) of the soil corresponding to the control treatment and the 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% water mixtures were 3.15 (I0), 3.65 (I1), 4.55 (I2), 4.75 (I3), and 5.06 (I4) dS/m, respectively. The results showed that, in the I4 treatment, both the dry and fresh weights of the plant decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively. However, regarding the effect of magnetized water, the results indicated that in saline treatments with soil EC less than 3.65 dS/m (I0 and I1), use of magnetized water prevented a significant decrease in the weight of Maryam Goli plant shoots. Furthermore, the research results demonstrated non-significant changes in the essential oil of Maryam Goli plant due to irrigation with different salinities as well as magnetic water. Based on the results, it is recommended that irrigation management of Maryam Goli plants using magnetized saline water be carried out in such a way that the saturation extract salinity of the soil does not exceed 3.65 dS/m during the growing season.
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Reza Saeidi; Mohamad Mahdi Zarrabi; Davood Babaei
Abstract
In this research, the effect of irrigation water salinity and salicylic acid spraying were investigated on the yield of shallot (Qazvin local variety). Water salinity treatments at four levels of 2(S1), 4(S2), 6(S3), and 8(S4) dS.m-1 and salicylic acid at four concentrations of 0(A1), 0.5(A2), 1(A3) ...
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In this research, the effect of irrigation water salinity and salicylic acid spraying were investigated on the yield of shallot (Qazvin local variety). Water salinity treatments at four levels of 2(S1), 4(S2), 6(S3), and 8(S4) dS.m-1 and salicylic acid at four concentrations of 0(A1), 0.5(A2), 1(A3) and 2(A4) mM were applied in the greenhouse. The experiment was performed as factorial and in a completely randomized design, with three replications. Soil moisture was measured daily, and irrigation scheduling was done based on it. Results showed that salinity stress reduced crop water uptake and shallot tuber weight. Salicylic acid application improved crop water status and increased tubers weight under salinity stress. A4 treatment was the ideal concentration for maximum yield. Application of 2 mM salicylic acid at salinity levels of S1, S2, S3, and S4 increased tubers yield by 11.6%, 32%, 40% and 91%, respectively, compared to the control (A1). The response of dry yield to evapotranspiration showed that by increasing salinity stress, percentage of yield decreased more than the percentage of evapotranspiration. Use of salicylic acid decreased dry yield sensitivity to salinity stress, such that from treatment S1 to S4 yield response coefficients (Ky) were between 1.01- 1.62 (in A1 treatment), 0.93- 1.3 (A2), 0.48- 1.09 (A3) and 0.31- 0.97 (A4). The effect of salicylic acid on water productivity were calculated between 2.13- 1.14 (in A1), 2.15- 1.68 (A2), 2.26- 2 (A3), and 2.38- 2.19 kg.m-3 (A4). In conditions of using saline water for crop irrigation, application of salicylic acid will increase water productivity. Based on the experiment results and in conditions of lack of high-quality water for irrigation, salicylic acid spraying on crops will be a suitable method to reduce the harmful effects of salinity stress.
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Hanieh Hamidian; Hamid sodaiezadeh; Rostam Yazdani-Biouki; Mohammad Ali Hakimzadeh Ardakani; mahdi soltani; Sarah Khajeh Hosseini
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the response of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) to different methods of planting and different levels of water salinity. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, during 2019-2020 in Salinity Research Center, ...
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This study aimed to determine the response of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) to different methods of planting and different levels of water salinity. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications, during 2019-2020 in Salinity Research Center, Yazd, Iran. Treatments included five levels of water salinity ( 0.9 [control], 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS/m), and two planting methods (transplanting and direct seeding). Morphological traits such as plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf area, total dry weight, and physiological traits such as total chlorophyll and carotenoids, and sodium and potassium contents were measured. The results showed that the highest plant height (62 cm) was in the control (0.9 dS/m) and transplanting method, maximum number of lateral branches (70 per plant) and largest leaf area (1032 cm2) were obtained in the control treatment, maximum total dry weight (2.68 g/plant) was in control and transplanting method, and the maximum carotenoids content (5.5 mg/gFW) was in the control and transplanting. In the control and direct seeding treatment, maximum total chlorophyll content (51.21 mg/g FW) and the highest amount of potassium (14.8 mg/kg DW) were observed. The maximum sodium content (15.2 mg/kg DW) was obtained in 12 dS/m and transplanting treatment. In general, with increasing salinity level to 12 dS/m, plant height in both planting methods decreased. Also, with increase in water salinity, the number of lateral branches and leaf area decreased by 84% and 88.5%, respectively. Total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and potassium also decreased significantly, but the amount of sodium ion increased. Transplanting was less affected by salinity in most parameters, except the total chlorophyll and sodium. Higher salinity stress had negative effect on different licorice plant parameters including plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf area, as well as the amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids. In general, transplanting was more productive than direct seeding. The findings of this study show that, in situations with scarcity in fresh water, seedlings should be watered with fresh water, and saline water should be used for irrigation after transplanting.
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Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji
Abstract
Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial ...
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Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in 2021 and 2022 in Neka Region. The main factor included the type of irrigation water (Non-Magnetized Water (W1) and Magnetized Water (W2)) and the secondary factor included the level of irrigation in three levels (100% FI: Flood irrigation =I1, 80%FI =I2, and 60%FI =I3). The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level on the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of fruit, biomass, and plant yield and water productivity was significant (p< 1%). On average, by application of magnetized water, the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and fruit weight, biomass, plant yield, and water productivity were increased by 15.1%, 16.6%, 18%, 20/2%, 23%, 16.8%, and 11.7%, respectively. By reducing the amount of irrigation water, the appearance characteristics of strawberry fruit and yield decreased, but the water productivity increased. The biggest decrease was related to the number of fruits per plant at the irrigation level of 60%, which decreased by 42.72% compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, use of magnetized water technology and deficit irrigation improved strawberry yield.
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alireza emadi; omid alizadeh; bahram amiri; Hadi Pirasteh-Anosheh; mehdi zare
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of different levels of water and salinity stresses was investigated on dry matter production, biochemical attributes, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Marvdasht and Arsanjan regions in 2017. The treatments included four levels ...
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In the present study, the effect of different levels of water and salinity stresses was investigated on dry matter production, biochemical attributes, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in Marvdasht and Arsanjan regions in 2017. The treatments included four levels of water stress: 100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of field capacity (FC) in the main plots and four levels of salinity stress: 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 and 10.5 dS m-1 in the sub plots, which were arranged in split plots based on randomized complete block design, with three replications. The results showed that water and salinity stresses in both regions were associated with decreased dry matter production and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids, while the concentration of free proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased depending on the stress level. Ascorbic peroxidase activity was increased only under water stress. The highest dry matter yields were obtained from 100% FC irrigation with 4.5 dS m-1 salinity and were 1.292 and 1.198 kg ha-1 in Marvdasht and Arsanjan, respectively. Non-significant effect in 85% FC irrigation regime showed that only 70% and 55% FC irrigation regimes led to water stress in sorghum. On the other hand, no significant difference was observed between non-saline conditions and 4.5 dS m-1, which indicates salinity tolerance of sorghum, at least up to this level. In both regions, the intensity of changes due to water and salinity stress was correlated with the intensity of that stress. The results of this research showed that due to antagonistic effects, drought and salinity stresses have a greater effect on reducing plant yield; therefore, water deficit irrigation strategies are not recommended in case of using water with salinities of 7.5 dS m-1 and more for sorghum irrigation.
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Mohsen Seilsepour
Abstract
In this study, salinity tolerance of five sorghum varieties (Speedfeed, Kimia, Payam, Sepideh, and Pegah) was studied using five irrigation water salinity levels (non-saline water, 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS/m) in the greenhouse. The statistical design was a factorial randomized complete block design with 25 ...
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In this study, salinity tolerance of five sorghum varieties (Speedfeed, Kimia, Payam, Sepideh, and Pegah) was studied using five irrigation water salinity levels (non-saline water, 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS/m) in the greenhouse. The statistical design was a factorial randomized complete block design with 25 treatments and four replications. The studied traits included plant height, leaf area, dry weight of roots and shoots, ratio of dry weight of roots to shoots, leaf chlorophyll index, concentration of sodium, chlorine and potassium in leaves and roots. The effect of variety and the effect of salinity stress on the mean of all measured traits were significant (P <0.01). At salinities of 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS/m, shoot dry weight was lower than the control (5.72 g/plant) by16.2%, 35.1%, 55.7%, and 69.4%, weight of dried roots lost 26.6%, 53%, 72% and 82%, compared to the control (5 g/plant), and the leaf area of the plants decreased by 29.4%, 58.3%, 75.5%, and 86.3% compared to the control, respectively. There was a negative correlation between chlorine and leaf sodium concentrations with shoot dry weight. Fisher stress sensitivity coefficient was used to evaluate the salinity sensitivity of cultivars based on shoot dry weight. Based on this coefficient, Speedfeed variety had the lowest salinity sensitivity coefficient (0.73) and Pegah cultivar had the highest (1.21). Regression was determined between different salinity levels with shoot dry weight for each cultivar. Accordingly, Speedfed, Kimia, Payam, Sepideh, and Pegah cultivars suffered a 50% reduction in shoot dry weight in salinities of 13.89, 12.95, 9.73, 9.62 and 9.50 dS/m. Based on the results, Speedfeed variety had a higher salinity tolerance than other cultivars and is recommended for cultivation in saline soil and water conditions.
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Marjan Noroozi; Elham Chavoshie; Mehdi Ghajar Sepanlou
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that has many negative effects on plant growth. To investigate the effect of salinity water irrigation stress on morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 ...
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Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that has many negative effects on plant growth. To investigate the effect of salinity water irrigation stress on morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in soil columns located in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Mazandaran Province. The number of experimental columns was 15 and the duration of the experiment was 56 days. Salinity treatments included well water (control) (S1=0.995 dSm-1), Mix seawater and well water in proportions 1/4 (S2=4.680 dSm-1), 2/4 (S3=8.130 dSm-1), 3/4 (S4=13.710 dSm-1) and seawater (S5=15.910 dSm-1). In this study, dry and wet weight of shoots, seeds and roots, diameter and height of main stem, leaf area index, leaf area, harvest index, biological yield and resistance indices of sorghum were measured. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of salinity on all measured traits was significant. Increasing the salinity level of irrigation water from control (S1) to treatment (S5) caused a significant decrease at the rate of 1 to 70% in all measured traits except harvest index and root to stem ratio. Also the results of this study showed that the best salinity level to achieve maximum yield in sorghum (Equivalent to 13/218 g) is salinity level (S1). Regarding resistance indices, S1 treatment had higher k/Na and Ca/Na ratios than other treatments, which were 6.67 and 1.4, respectively. Also, the results of comparing the mean of traits between different treatments showed that there were no significant differences between S3 and S4 treatments in traits such as grain yield, straw yield, plant height, leaf area, harvest index, dry weight of root and resistance indices that Up to 3: 1 ratio, seawater to well water can be used to grow sorghum. Also, the relative yield of sorghum to salinity did not decrease by about 3.65 dS /m, which was considered as the tolerance threshold of this plant. But after increasing the salinity of soil saturated extract, plant yield decreased and at salinity of about 15 dS /m was halved. The slope of the sorghum yield reduction line at this stage was calculated to be 3% dS / m.
7
reza saeidi
Abstract
In this research, the effect of salinity stress on the amount of evapotranspiration components of maize were investigated in mini-lysimeters (in the initial, development, mid, and late growth stages). Salinity treatments were applied by water with EC of 0.5(S0), 2.1(S1), 3.5(S2), and 5.7(S3) dS.m-1. ...
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In this research, the effect of salinity stress on the amount of evapotranspiration components of maize were investigated in mini-lysimeters (in the initial, development, mid, and late growth stages). Salinity treatments were applied by water with EC of 0.5(S0), 2.1(S1), 3.5(S2), and 5.7(S3) dS.m-1. The experiment was performed as factorial and in a completely randomized design. For the whole growth period and for S0 to S3 treatments, the values of evapotranspiration, transpiration, and evaporation were measured in the range of 420-320, 285-124, and 135-196 mm, respectively. The share of crop transpiration (T/ETc) decreased by 29% while the share of evaporation (E/ETc) increased by the same value. From S0 to S3 treatment, the values of evapotranspiration, transpiration and evaporation were measured in the range of 420-320, 1 / 285-3 / 124 and 134-7 / 195.9 mm (in the whole growth period), respectively.From S0 to S3 treatments, the values of evapotranspiration, transpiration and evaporation were measured in the range of 79-72, 19-10 and 61-62 mm (initial stage), 202-150, 150-71, and 51-79 mm (development stage), 124-84, 110-39, and 14-45 mm (mid stage), and 15-14, 6-4, and 9-10 mm (the late stage). The shares of crop transpiration decreased in the order of the developmental, mid, initial, and the late stages, while the decreasing order for the shares of evaporation was related to the initial, developmental, mid, and late stages, respectively. The dry biomass yield decreased by salinity stress, and its amount in treatments S0, S1, S2, and S3 was as 12942, 12168, 10872, and 8928 kg.ha-1, respectively. Stress coefficients of evapotranspiration (KS), transpiration (KS-T), and evaporation (KS-E) were calculated in the range of 1-0.76, 1-0.43, and 1-1.45, respectively. The results showed that for 1 dS.m-1 increase in water salinity, the amounts of relative evapotranspiration and relative transpiration decreased by 4.7% and 11.1%, respectively, and the amount of relative evaporation increased by 9%. The results showed that the transpiration component decreased with a greater slope, relative to the evapotranspiration.
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Mohsen Seilsepour
Abstract
In order to investigate effects of water salinity on germination characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), an experiment was conducted in a factorial and randomized complete blocks design with 10 treatments and three replication, in 2020. Salinity factor was considered at five levels (zero, ...
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In order to investigate effects of water salinity on germination characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), an experiment was conducted in a factorial and randomized complete blocks design with 10 treatments and three replication, in 2020. Salinity factor was considered at five levels (zero, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS/m) and cultivars at two levels (Titicaca and Redcardina). Effects of salinity, cultivar, and their interaction were significant on germination percentage and its rate, length of shoot, root and seedling, vigor index, stem and root tolerance index. All characteristics were significantly reduced by salinity stress, with higher reduction in Redcardina than Titicaca. Salinity stress up to 5 dS/m had no significant effect on seed germination percentage of Titicaca, while in Redcardina, difference in germination percentage between distilled water (control) and salinity of 5 dS/m was significant. The highest germination percentage (100%) was obtained in treatment without salinity for both Titicaca and Redcardina. Germination percentage at salinity levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS/m in Titicaca decreased by 1.4%, 4.9%, 14.3%, and 21%, and in Redcardina, by 2.6%, 6.6%, 18.3%, and 29.7% compared to the control. Stem length of cultivars at salinity levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS/m compared to the control treatment were reduced by 6.8%, 14%, 27.6%, and 39.6% for Titicaca and 7.3%, 19.9%, 43.7% and 53.8% for Redcardina, respectively. This percentage reduction for root length of Titicaca was 2.1%, 12.6%, 32.6%, and 44.2% and for Redcardina was 6.4%, 21.2%, 38.2% and 57.9%. Salinity stress of 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS/m caused the dry weight of seedlings of Titicaca to decrease by 12.7%, 27.1%, 36.8% and 46.6% and in Redcardina by 11.4%, 27.8%, 45%, and 57.1%. Based on the results, Redcardina cultivar was more sensitive to salinity stress during germination than Titicaca.
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Gholamhassan Ranjbar; Farhad Dehghani; Arash AlaEddin; Vali Soltani Gerdfaramarzi; Sardar Keshtkar
Abstract
Lack of fresh water resources has led to production of salt tolerant species. This study was conducted in 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on forage yield, plant height, and shoot ash content of Salicornia bigelovii and native Salicornia ecotypes including Bushehr (S. ...
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Lack of fresh water resources has led to production of salt tolerant species. This study was conducted in 2019-2020 to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity on forage yield, plant height, and shoot ash content of Salicornia bigelovii and native Salicornia ecotypes including Bushehr (S. sinus persica), Central Plateau, Gorgan and Urmia of S. persica under irrigation with Persian Gulf (60 dS m-1) and groundwater (20 dS m-1), in Bushehr and Yazd conditions, respectively. Results showed that there were significant differences between the species and ecotypes in terms of fresh and dry weight of forage in both conditions. The highest fresh and dry weight of forage were related to Bushehr ecotype in both conditions, but the lowest of these traits were in S. bigelovii in Yazd and in Gorgan and Urmia ecotypes in Bushehr conditions. The amount of fresh forage for Bushehr ecotype were about 9333 and 22940 g m-2 in Bushehr and Yazd, respectively. In general, plant height under seawater irrigation conditions varied from 23.0 cm to 35.5 cm in Bushehr condition, and 56.5-78.0 cm in Yazd condition under saline groundwater. Regardless of species and ecotypes, the average shoot ash content in Bushehr and Yazd conditions were, respectively, 53.83% and 47.76%. Based on the results of the study, Bushehr ecotype could be considered as superior for planting and forage production in the southern coastal strip. In Yazd condition, due to better water quality, all species and ecotypes produced high fodder yield. However, due to high water requirement of Salicornia, its production in arid areas, especially in the central regions of the country, is not recommended.
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ali mokhtaran; mehrzad tavoosi; Peyman Varjavand; Saloome Sepehri Sadeghian
Volume 34, Issue 3 , September 2020, , Pages 337-354
Abstract
< p > < p >In Khuzestan Province, drainage water production from various activities, especially agriculture, is a serious problem. In order to optimize the use of drainage water, cultivation of salinity resistant crops can be considered as a suitable practice. Therefore, in 2019, a ...
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< p > < p >In Khuzestan Province, drainage water production from various activities, especially agriculture, is a serious problem. In order to optimize the use of drainage water, cultivation of salinity resistant crops can be considered as a suitable practice. Therefore, in 2019, a study was conducted to investigate the possibility of recycling drainage water of sugarcane fields for winter cultivation of quinoa in the Research Farm of Mirza Kuchak Khan Sugarcane Agro-Industry Company in southern Khuzestan. This study was performed as split plots with a complete randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The main factor was the management of irrigation water including the use of Karun river water, drainage water of sugarcane fields, and intermittent-periodic irrigation (alternating application of Karun water and drainage water). The sub-plots were allocated to four genotypes of quinoa including "Giza1, Titicaca, Rosada, and Q26". Interaction of irrigation water type with genotype showed that the highest biomass in terms of dry forage (3645.6 kg/ha) belonged to Giza1 genotype using irrigation with Karun water, which statistically had no difference with the Rozada biomass (2620 kg /ha) using irrigation with drainage water. Monitoring of soil "ECe" and "ESP" during the growing season showed that for the two treatments of irrigation with the water of the Karun River and intermittent-periodic irrigation, the farm soil up to 1 meter depth was non saline and non-sodic. This is while before cultivation of quinova, the soil layer of 0- 25 cm was saline (5.54 dS/m) and the deeper parts were non-saline. In irrigation with drainage water, the 0-25 cm layer soil remained saline due to the effect of evaporation. However, in layers deeper than75 cm, due to the accumulation of salts compared to pre-planting (ECe=2 dS/m), salinity reached ECe=4dS/m and ESP=7%. These results indicate the need for leaching at the end of the growing season and the importance of drainage for salt outflow from agricultural lands to maintain soil salt balance in areas where drainage water recycling is practiced.